Video Game and Gadget Essay Example for Free

Video patch and Gadget EssayThe young and trendy generation of today judge themselves, according to the kind of toilet facilitys they posses. The popularity of gimmicks among offspring has ensured that newer and trendier gadgets argon introduced very passing day. The addiction of gadgets has been such among one and all that it has become unthinkable of a life without a gadget. The effect of these gadgets has been tremendous, and it is often debated that whether the impact that it has do on the youth is a positive or negative one. Video Games and Computer games bath be listed as the gadget which has influenced the youth the most. Several queryes doom that these games can catch a positive effect on the youths mind. However some clock times it may ca call terrible changes in behaviors. It was seen that playing video games or computer games actually service the young people in concentrating much better. There are games which require you to use your brains and those games may indeed prove to be helpful. Also it was seen that it has a very good impact on the motor skills and spatial skills of todays youth.However these games may likewise result in the child acquiring absolutely isolated from the society. There is a tendency to get engrossed in the games, and forget everything else. Also there are chances that they might tend to discompose between the virtual world and real world. When you are using a gadget standardised a video game it is important to remember that some(prenominal) you are doing is going on in the virtual world.It would be nonhing short of foolery in trying to emulate those things in the real world. Gadgets like computers or video games may turn to be very addictive. This is another worry as because these things are meant to be past times, and never should it be preferent over family or kind commitments. Thus it is important to remain aware of your responsibilities while using your favorite gadget. MP3 players another popular g adget that has found its feet among the youth also has its pros and cons. It may soothe your soul when you are doing nothing, or even doing some work which is less intensive. Listening to music may also help to concentrate better at times. However listening to music for long periods of time in a high volume, may cause hearing problems in the near future which is extremely dangerous.Chapter I The Problem And its BackgroundIntroductionDealing with the impact of modern gadgets on our lives weather we like it now, electric appliances and gadgets produce occupied a major position in our daily lives. Though they were invented to make life better for us the first place it is an undeniable event that m each of the gadgets have negative effects and influence upon the quality of our lives in some ways.As we cannot live without them in this modern world and they are a necessarily evil, we have to find ways to reduce the negative impact of those modern appliances. A gadget is a cheat or appl iance having a unique purpose and function. At the time of invention a gadget is often way ahead of its peers in terms of novelty and uniqueness. This is what makes them so suited and unruffledThe top ten that change the world are debatable. Nevertheless, popular choices would be television, camera, movie camera, microwave oven, video cassette, video recorder, video sport consoles, sonys walkman, IBMs personal computer (PC) and the first cellphone released in 1996 by Motorola.The latest addicting gadgets include superior versions of DVDs, smart phones, camcorders, laptops, Ipods and Iphones, the blackberry, PCs, computer notebooks, pedometers, ultra slim extravagance phone, nykos zoom (gaming gadget), earbuds from iFrogs, JBL on Beat Air from apple, T lights, onlive (cloud-based gaming system), SWIVL, ego mac edition portable hard drive, blackberry playbook ballistic and so forthThe study done by Carnegie Mellon University found that spending one hour a week on the net led to an average increase of 1 percent on depression scale, a loss of 2.7 members of the net users social circle and increase of 0.4 percent on the loneliness scale.Statement of the ProblemI .What is gadget?a. What year gadget invented?b. Who invented gadget?c. What is the famous gadget?II. How do we get addicted to gadget?a. What is effect of gadgets in everyday living?b. What ordain you do if your family get addicted to gadget?c. How Gadgets helps you?III .What is the effects of gadget?a. Can gadgets helps our academic achievements?b. How to get rebel by using gadget?c. How does gadgets helps youth in their academic achievements?HypothesisThe researcher believes that gadgets have a big effect. especially to the youth who spend most of their time using gadgets.Gadgets may soften to laziness in studying among youth and start addiction to it.according to youths. Gadgets is just a past time and a way to know to a bang-uper extent friends.Significance of the studyGadgets youths has a big ef fect on them, especially on their academic achievements. It may also strickle their health status and social relations.To prevent addiction there are some remedies. First the parents should limit their youths by using gadgets. They may also make an agreement about the maximal time that their children could play only.The youths may also help themselves if they want to. Studying is the best help they can give to themselves. Discipline themselves in using gadgets. kitchen stove and limitation of the studythis study is all about on the advantages and disadvantages of effect of gadgets on youths academic achievements and their lives.it will also tackle the effects of gadgets among youth and why they are being addicted to it.The possible health problem they may encounter is also included on this study.Definition of TermsA.) Gadget- The origins of the word gadget trace back to the 19th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there is anecdotal evidence for the use of gadget as a placeholder name for a technical item whose precise name one cant remember since the 1850s with Robert Browns 1886 book Spunyarn and Spindrift, A sailor boys log of a travel out and home in a China tea-clipper containing the earliest known usage in print. The etymology of the word is disputed.A astray circulated story holds that the word gadget was invented when Gaget, Gauthier Cie, the company behind the repouss construction of the Statue of Liberty (1886), made a small-scale version of the monument and named it after their firm stock-still this contradicts the evidence that the word was already used before in nautical circles, and the fact that it did not become popular, at least in the USA, until after military personnel War I. Other sources honorable mention a derivation from the French gchette which has been applied to various pieces of a firing mechanism, or the French gage, a small appliance or accessory.B.) younker- It is an alternative word to the scientifical ly-oriented adolescent and the common terms of teen and teenager. Another common title for youth is young person or young people. Youth is the stage of constructing the Self-concept. The self concept of youth is influenced by several variables such as peers, lifestyle, gender and culture. It is this time of a persons life which they make choices which will affect their future.C.) Gizmo- something unspecified whose name is either forgotten or not known she eased the ball- shaped doodad backinto its socketthere may be some great new gizmo around the corner that you will want to use.D.) Device- . Any machine or component that attaches to a computer. Examples of devices include disk drives, printers, mice, and modems. These particular devices get along into the category of peripheral devices because they are separate from theE.) Widget- Widget is a generic term for the part of a GUI that allows the user to interface with the application and in operation(p) system. Widgets display in j umpation and invite the user to act in a number of ways. Typical widgets include buttons, dialog boxes, pop-up windows, pull-down menus, icons, scroll bars, resizable window edges, progress indicators, filling boxes, windows, tear-off menus, menu bars, toggle switches and forms.F.) Apparatus- a group or combination of instruments, machinery, tools, materials, etc., having a particular function or intended for a specific use Our town has excellent fire-fighting apparatus.DicussionThe origins of the word gadget trace back to the 19th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there is anecdotal evidence for the use of gadget as a placeholder name for a technical item whose precise name one cant remember since the 1850s with Robert Browns 1886 book Spunyarn and Spindrift, A sailor boys log of a voyage out and home in a China tea-clipper containing the earliest known usage in print.The etymology of the word is disputed. A widely circulated story holds that the word gadget wa s invented when Gaget, Gauthier Cie, the company behind the repouss construction of the Statue of Liberty (1886), made a small-scale version of the monument and named it after their firm however this contradicts the evidence that the word was already used before in nautical circles, and the fact that it did not become popular, at least in the USA, until after World War I.Other sources cite a derivation from the French gchette which has been applied to various pieces of a firing mechanism, or the French gage, a small tool or accessory. The October 1918 issue of Notes and Queries contains a multi-article entry on the word gadget (12 S. iv. 187). H. Tapley-Soper of The City Library, Exeter, writes A discussion arose at the Plymouth meeting of the Devonshire association in 1916 when it was suggested that this word should be recorded in the list of local verbal provincialisms. Several members dissented from its inclusion on the ground that it is in common use throughout the country and a naval officer who was present said that it has for years been a popular expression in the service for a tool or implement, the exact name of which is unknown or has for the moment been forgotten.I have also frequently heard it applied by motor-cycle friends to the collection of fitments to be seen on motor cycles. His handle-bars are smothered in gadgets refers to such things as speedometers, mirrors, levers, badges, mascots, c., attached to the steering handles. The jigger or short-rest used in billiards is also often called a gadget and the name has been applied by local platelayers to the gauge used to test the accuracy of their work. In fact, to borrow from present-day legions slang, gadget is applied to any old thing. The usage of the term in military parlance extended beyond the navy. In the book Above the affair by Vivian Drake, published in 1918 by D. Appleton Co., of New York and London, being the memoirs of a pilot in the British Royal Flying Corps, there is the foll owing portrayal Our ennui was occasionally relieved by new gadgets gadget is the Flying Corps slang for invention Some gadgets were good, some comic and some extraordinary.By the second half of the twentieth century, the term gadget had taken on the connotations of compactness and mobility. In the 1965 essay The Great Gizmo (a term used interchangeably with gadget throughout the essay), the architectural and design critic Reyner Banham defines the item as A characteristic class of US productsperhaps the most characteristicis a small self-contained unit of high performance in relation to its size and cost, whose function is to transform some undifferentiated set of circumstances to a condition nearer human desires. The minimum of skills is required in its installation and use, and it is independent of any physical or social infrastructure beyond that by which it may be ordered from catalogue and delivered to its prospective user. A class of servants to human needs, these clip-on de vices, these portable gadgets, have coloured American thought and do far to a greater extent deeplyI suspectthan is commonly understood.Chauncey and Omar Lopez very unfeignedly wonder what makes up an iPhone, Kindle Fire, Samsung Galaxy Tab or any other Apple, Microsoft or Sony gadget but cant really wrap your head around the amount of destruction required to take these costly tools apart? Then, you are going to love iFixit. Channeling the inner naughtiness of geeky gadget lovers out there, these guys in iFixit crack open, rip apart, and teardown the archipelago that makes up the innards of any device they can get their hands on.Thanks to them, we are able to witness the inner beauty of our beloved gadgets without disassembling our own. Gadgets and machines have become an integral part of our lives. What would we do without them These gizmos are like a necessary condition now which make our lives complete. However, we must keep in mind that everything has its own limit otherwise i t can become a cause for concern and in extreme cases, fatal. Market of devices and gadgets seems to be flooded with production. Day in and day out new technologies appear in front of us. If one has bought the latest mobile phone or laptop etc then he does not have much time to shade proud on that because the next day there would be much more superior device than that in the market. This is one of the reasons of addiction.There are many inventions developed every day. Most of them are useless or would have limited application in real life. While these may seem cool, they will not make a dramatic impact in our lives. Out of the rough though, a few gems could always be found that could really lead to breakthroughs. Educational technology has become increasingly commonplace in classrooms, and Congress has spent billions to give schools access to technology and online learning opportunities. But research on the enduringness of using educational technology has lagged behind technolog ys growth. In 2001, Congress mandated that the U.S. Department of Education conduct a scientific study of the effectiveness of using educational technology to answer the following questionsMany people focus on the negative effects of these games and fail to see the opportunity for learning and growth. According to Raise Smart Kids The Good and Bad Effects of Video Games there are several positive effects that come from spending time playing video games. Most games do not teach kids math, history and other subjects, however, they do provide students indirect opportunities to learn principles that can help them in their academic pursuits. Certain types of video games can help train kids to follow instructions as well as helping them develop their problem lick and logical thought processes. These skills translate directly to the classroom as students are asked by teachers to complete tasks and are presented problems that require them to use logical problem solve skills.Kids can also learn inductive reasoning and hypothesis testing. Games will often present them with a situation that needs to be solved and this causes the kids to have to develop problem-solving techniques. Before purchasing a video game a parent should talk with a representative at the store to see what the general premise of the game is to see if it includes elements that will help build these aforementioned qualities.Although there are some positive effects that are possible form video/computer game use there are mostly negative effects. Several professors conducted a research project to determine the effect of gaming on academic performance. According to the Australasian Journal of Educational Technology Gaming Frequency and Academic Performance individuals who spend devil or more hours playing games on a daily basis score lower in every subject than their non-gaming counterparts. By spending a high parcel of time on video games there is not enough time left to spend in studying for classe s. The study found that there was not a single significant positive correlation between gaming and academic performance.According to a list of statistics produced by Media Family Effects of Video Game Playing on Children roughly 97 percent of kids played video games in 2008. In 2006 45 percent of kids were regular gamers, which means that they played for two or more hours on a daily basis. The high number of kids shows the importance of learning to choose games that will help strengthen and push the thought of the child playing.

Theories of Morality in Punishment Essay Example for Free

Theories of Morality in Punishment EssayAs a society, we have different responses to treating untoward incidences and behaviors. We have different means in which we stock warrant or punish the doers of the action yet these mean be all reflected on various theories of morality. Different countries or cultures have different systems of punishment as according to what they conform as morally acceptable to people of their kind. Some sanction death penalty, others rehabilitation, imprisonment or other ways like everyday humiliation and the like. The following are some theories of morality where such systems of punishments are grounded. Stoicism considers passionate emotions like fear or envy as results of errors in judgment and that a person of moral and intellectual perfection would not have to exhibit such emotions. This theory has something to do with giving verdict to people who have committed criminal case. For example, after court hearings, the jury finds that the accused h as done the crime while he was not in the proper business of thinking or was insane, the sanction would be different from those who have found guilty of the same crime.The judge might recommend for rehabilitation or aesculapian treatment instead of imprisonment or death penalty that might jeopardize the rationality of the person. Egoism, on the other hand, claims that persons act in response to self-interest. That is, the verdict to a case can be motivated by the interest of the jury to satisfy his own self or if he will be benefited from the result of the punishment. For example, the judge has been paid to overturn his verdict on a certain case if the judge is thinking of his personal interest, he will do such in the name of money.Who would not want to get money for just a single court decision? Concurrent to egoism is hedonism, which states that exclusively pleasure or its opposite, pain, motivates persons in their decision. Our responses to certain bad behavior done to us or t o others depends whether we can get pleasure or we experienced pain. The response could be brutal when it is motivated by pain or the other way around when it is motivated by pleasure.In these three theories, the central caseful is the self where the measure for morality depends on what is most acceptable to the self. Other theories that affect decisions about morality include a gender-based one. Carol Gilligan on his work In a Different Voice states that men and women use different approaches to morality. According to her, the male approach is that individuals have certain basic rights and you are respecting those rights.Morality in this case imposes restrictions on what you can do to punish a person while female approach is that people have responsibilities toward others olibanum giving judgment depends on the care for others. On the other hand, Lawrence Kohlberg theorized about the stages of moral development that includes punishment and obedience, instrumental exchange, interp ersonal conformity, law and order, prior rights and tender contract, and universal ethical principles.All these have something to do respect to laws and conformity to individual rights. The first stage for instance is the opposite of each other, meaning, when anyone breaks the rule or law or disobeys it, he or she will be punished according to the fifth stage prior rights and social contract. Social contract could be written or unwritten but these are contracts that state the punishments of any untoward behavior as a violation to the individual rights of persons.The above theories characterise that justice systems are products of moral judgment anchored to the rights of individuals or the interest of people to the rights of others either exploitation or preservation.ReferencesCory, Rachel. (2006). Kolhbergs Stages of Moral Development. Retrieved December 2, 2008 from http//www. aggelia. com/htdocs/kohlberg. shtml Cypher, Allen. (____). Notes on In a Different Voice by Carol Gilli gan. Retrieved December 2, 2008 from http//acypher. com/BookNotes/Gilligan. html Stoicism, Egoism and Hedonism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/

Nationalisation of Royal Bank of Scotland

communisation of kinglike banking company of ScotlandPurposeThe purpose of this report is to dispute the change in Royal Bank of Scotland indicated by the companys nationalization in 2008. Shareholders lost the most part of the company in favour of the organisation and way of the bank had to be changed. The purpose volition be fulfil direct by analyzing the process of nationalization and its implications for RBS.Theoretical literature provides a lot of models of change worry and strategic focal point. For example, Ansoff (1987) model suggests four quadrants of scheme. Companies evict grow by penetrating the market and winning larger market share composition competitors share allow shrink. Firms depose as well develop their key products which are their strength and this provide be a scheme for expansion. The third Ansoffs (1987) outline would be to diversify the products and operations to achieve growth. Finally, the company burn choose to pursue market development w hich is entering new geographical areas or new niches that will armed service cave in higher revenue. The case of RBS represents this final model of market development. The banks pursued the new market of mortgage backed securities in the US through acquisition of ABN Amro. This strategy appeared to be unsuccessful and led the bank into a part w here(predicate) accounting way outes reached tremendous value of over 30 one million million pounds in 2008 and led to nationalization of the bank by the UK government. Company OverviewRoyal Bank of Scotland Group plc is a banking corporation with its branch Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) that is spread around coupled Kingdom with almost 700 sub-branches, located in Scotland, England and Wales and is one of the largest banks in UK. It was founded in 1727 and is the prototypic bank introducing overdraft availability to its clients. Since its foundation, RBS expanded greatly, with big number of acquisition have it aways, such as its ac quisition of NatWest Group in 2000, First Active (Ireland), Charter One (USA) , Churchill Insurance (UK) and ABN Amro (Netherlands) in 2007 (House of leafy vegetable Treasury Committee, 2008). The Royal Bank of Scotland lasting uses a privilege of printing its own banknotes. Until 2009, it was one of the main shareholders of the Bank of China, but had to sell its shares after the global monetary crisis impact. RSB is still in the enumerate of worlds largest banks, being on 6th position in 2003, 10th in 2007 and 19th in 2008 (Financial Ranks Online, 2009). Financial performance of RBS was changing in the last years. In 2005 group direct profit rose by 16%, with total dividend for the year increase by 25%, with capital and earnings increase. During 2006, RBS showed great results and inveterate growth, with increased dividends by 25% with total income growth by 10%. With unstable position in the market and in global financial system, RBS had some(a) worrys, but managers were d iddleing toward subordination of the situation, however growth of the operating profit lessend by 9%, earnings per share by 18% and renovation on equity 19.9%. The company faced big net losses of around 7.9 billion pounds. In the 2009 bank entered heavily clips with reorganization in steering field and in structure. (RBS Annual Report, 2005-2009).Due to changing situation in the global economy, in 2008 Royal Bank of Scotland announced its greatest loss in the banks history with the criterion of 692 million pounds that was connected to unhealthy loans and 71 billion pounds as a result of incorrect deal of acquiring ABN Amro (Bradley, 2009). precedent to the global financial crisis RBS have had great profit margins and was a respected brand with long history. And it is necessary to mention that the bank was at great position in terms of facing crisis, with little impact until the decision of getting ABN Amro, which brought various problems. In 2008-2009 UK citizens were unde r shock of the fact that one of the largest UK banking system representatives had marvelous losses and unpredictable future. At this position RBS had one way to survive seek government harbor. However not all UK banks suffered from consequences of global financial crisis, which butt joint be connected with accurate and carefully planned direction strategy. RBS have got some capital of about 2 billion pounds from selling its share in Bank of China and after giving up part of Linea Directa, a Spanish insurance company for about 4.5 billion pounds. However, it did not help to stupefy a radical change of the situation (Bradley, 2009). agree to Hester, current knob Executive of the RBS Group (2009), great losses of the Group had nothing to do with management of businesses as their performance was profitable. However problems appeared mainly in two divisions worldwide Banking Markets and Asia Retail Commercial Banking. Their profits were crushed by market and credit losses, d eep crush fast changes in the economic conditions. At the same time top managers of the Royal Bank of Scotland were facing risks of acquisition and had limited time to make decisions. Global financial crisis had its impact in different countries, affecting economies and markets especially in terms of exchange rates. Here, decrease in sterling exchange rate had an function on further performance of the bank and changing market position intensified the situation (Hester, 2009). In spite of the fact that financial situation became searing for umteen banks, RBS was still having serious and stable business. Top management was taking steps to recover from crisis consequences, in dedicate to return capital and provide stable ground for future operation such steps included applying to government support. The strategic plan for recovery was supposed to be finished in 2009, slowdown the focus is on long-term customer franchises, quality and profitability. Royal Bank of Scotland can be a n example of the fact that in terms of global financial crisis even big and powerful organisations can face danger. It is the biggest UK company that suffered from the global economic crash. Today it is still far from recovery, having naughtiness loans and loss before tax income in the beginning of 2009 was around 44 million pounds. From the forecasts, 2009 and 2010 will still be challenging for the RBS with main focus on debt returns. Now, after current management revision, directors of RBS are more confident of future recovery and success (The Telegraph, May 2009). New Chief Executive supports the position that management must stay cool and take steps for a slow but effective recovery, rather than fast and wasting strategies in order to save more that to spend (Murchie, 2009). However, gay resource management of the bank is not so confident and planning to neaten around 9000 jobs, which is about 20%. It is believed that this action will help to decrease costs of around 3 billi on dollars (Global Crisis News, 2009). Moreover, RBS represented the worst results in the market, being at the bottom of banking sector in September 2009 (Frei, 2009). Aspects of NationalisationAccording to Encyclopedia Britannica, nationalisation is alteration or assumption of control or ownership of private property by the state (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009) with several variations in the types and motives. Nationalisation usually appears through assets or shares taken over, and this can help the company to continue its business but under control of the government. If the company is nationalised by government it can continue to produce and operate, getting some revenue and have some returns on shares. Usually this process is followed by structural reorganisation, including traditional administrative strategy and style of control (Backhaus and Wagner, 2004). As a fact, nationalisation can come in the form of expropriation, if the previous owners do not get earnings for the busi ness and in the form of rescue tool or governmental support. Not every company can get such support it is usually a privilege of the companies and corporations that have national importance and heritage. There is a number of examples in the UK history of nationalisation, which helped to reorganise the structure of the company as good as to get financial support (Floud and McCloskey, 1994). It is believed that nationalisation started in the UK in 1908 after the establishment of Port of London Authority with the necessity of production control (Beardshaw and Ross, 2001). Some researches mention proscribe effects of nationalisation, pointing that it can damage economy and banking sector. One of the problems is decreasing competitiveness, especially in banking sector (Lee, 2007). Also, financial institutions and government block participating in management as it can lead to further recalls of nationalisation. And when the company fails to use management as an appropriate tool, the ch ance of mistake gets large with a drift of future nationalisation (Cuthbert and Dobbins, 1980). Mainly, nationalisation has political or economic aspects and motives. When government has power to control specific corporations and their production as sound as financial position, it can use the company as an instrument to correct economy. In addition, government can provide more accurate and efficient capital and assets diversification. If the company is fully nationalised, government becomes the owner of the business and has to deal with its problems and debts. Nationalisation is connected to economy, here in order to have more lovable economy, government trying to stabilise financial system through bad assets escape. There are still debates around the necessity of nationalisation and its problems. On the former(a) hand, there is a view that this process must have temporary term, and government acts more as guardian of the company or bank for the hard period. However, one must c onsider that the process of nationalisation must be done correctly and carefully, with revision of all advantages and disadvantages (Richardson, 2009).Looking at the advantages of the nationalisation first comes its ability to save the company or in our case the bank from heavy and senseless assets, which were collected over the time and are representing thread of bankruptcy. This will include separation such assets from the business allowing operating more efficiently. Unnecessary assets then can be put for sale or managed by some another(prenominal) organisation and the bank, free from problematic sectors can continues to operate. In addition, nationalization can help to restructure top management, getting rid of dilettantish approach of operating the business (Richardson, 2009). RBS is as well as supporting this fact and according to Montia (2009), is now selling some of its asset management business with managed capital of 30 billion pounds. In addition, it is possible that R BS will have to sell more of its business and even at the very low price that is now at the market. It is also a part of the Chief Executives recovery plan for the RBS to separate troubled divisions from working ones with further selling of non-core parts of the business (Bradley, 2009). Without considering the advantage of nationalisation, government can continue to give money support to the banks that are big and strategic for the economy, but this can create the situation, where nothing will be changed and achieved. Government support can give a privilege of a competitive advantage, for example, Federal Rock could cut its prices in mortgages and insurance and attract new customers. Among disadvantages of nationalisation is management problem. In reality it is very difficult to find right and appropriate human capital for each bank in order to manage them properly. static there will be a chance of risks regarding new borrowings, credits and market position. And these risks are now to be taken by the owner. Again the problem of unnecessary assets appears and banks need to get rid of then, basically on very low prices. In this situation market will have clear advantages of nationalisation, while banks will suffer. In addition, nationalisation is very challenging to the government. It must find labor force and money to finance the process. Future performance of the company also depends on who will be in charge could be government itself or another managing company (Richardson, 2009). In order to avoid afterward problems, other options and decisions must be revised before the final decision of nationalisation. The company must stay efficient and respond to the market and global changes in time. charge must stay open and react quickly in order to avoid critical point. Change Process Nationalisation of RBS In the beginning it is important to discuss global economic situation which caused problems in RBS and necessity of taking radical directions, including na tionalisation. UK banking sector was under pressure of economic crisis 2006-2009 and is still recovering. It all started from the US sub-prime mortgage crisis and reached the rest of the world at the beginning of 2007 with increasing debts. Most of all crisis hit banking sector, central banks and international banks worldwide. As a result the Bank of England had to decrease interest rates, and all banks were under risk of failure (Rayner, 2008). Current crisis was named the worst for the last 75 years with negative effects on many types of businesses and customers expectations (Altman, 2009). During this time period management was facing great challenges, especially risk management. In addition, it is obvious from current crisis practice that risk management can help to win the race and using various models and strategies matters (Varma, 2009). Spreading from United Stated over Europe and UK crisis attacked banking sector. UKs economy is connected to the US through trade and loans a nd borrowings. As a result of the go on bankruptcy of banks, some tried to avoid it through help request from government. The first bank that was fully nationalised in UK is Northern Rock, followed by the Lloyds Banking Group with partial control from the government. Some researchers put nationalisation under meaning of rescue, and as a fact not all banks or companies were getting such rescuing package from the UK government. In the case of Northern Rock, decision was made according to the point that this bank is special and its failure can cause growing instability in the UK banking sector (Tomasic, 2008). This also can be true about the Royal Bank of Scotland as it is bank with great history, representing Scots nation as part of Britain, with its own printed banknotes and heritage. In spite of the fact that many banks across the world were put into critical situation, having choices of selling just assets or banks itself, not many were rescued (Woods, Humphrey, Dowd, Liu, 2009). In the report of the House of Commons Treasury Committee (April, 2008) it is discussed that in October 2008 RBS introduced new plan of rescue with capital amount of 20 billion pounds, however, shareholders were getting unattractive returns and government had to rescue RBS through acquisition of major part of its shares. At that time point nationalisation was unavoidable in relation to future life of the RBS. Looking at the managerial problems that caused such consequences it can be pointed that RBSs top management along with its prior Chief Executive, Sir Fred Goodwin was taking over optimistic decisions as well as misunderstanding of the critical situation. Wrong decisions were made due to fast process of the economic decline in quality in UK and globally. According to Hester, RBS was suffering from great downturn due to prior decisions. In addition rail at risk management strategies that were adopted at that time made even worse, in particular control issues. It seems that RB S had a great balance sheet for a long time period and was not ready for immediate change. In 2007, RBS made a crucial decision of taking over ABN Amro bank, in cooperation with Fortis and Santander banks, this resulted in RBSs independence of private organization. Acquisition of the ABN Amro was a wrong step to take in the thread of economic crisis which made RBS unable to finish its strategic plan. Newly formed group was defenseless in the worsening situation of market changes (House of Commons Treasury Committee, 2008). The step of huge expenditure, acquiring ABN Amro in wrong time, could have been avoided by managers of RBS. Even more, loss of around 72 billion Euros intensified critical situation. Managerial decisions of this acquisition were made without disclose of credit and asset problems in ABN Amro prior to the deal. In addition, this decision was influenced by shareholders, here 94.5% of them agreed on acquisition and it may appear that they pressed top management to fi nish the deal. However, RBS directors and top managers agreed about the deal with unanimity. Consequence of this deal is big loss in 2008 of around 30 billion pounds instead of assumed profit. The change associated with acquisition of ABN Amro was a representation of Ansoffs (1987) market development strategy. RBS seek to expand into the US market geographically and in addition the company attempted to profit from dealing with US mortgage backed securities. However, the failure of the strategy caused the banks to suffer losses and request the help from the government which acquired the shares of the business. The process of nationalisation of the RBS began with basic rescue design. In October 2008, RBS started new strategic program in order to increase capital. One of the solutions was to offer ordinary shares at a price of 65.5 pence per share. The offer consisted shares for 15 billion pounds. HM Treasury has got around 12% for 5 billion pounds and later on around 57.9% of shares were acquired by the Government. Decisions that were made by RBS and Government were directed to the achievement of more stable bank position and redundant resources for strength and further capital enlargement. Government and the bank deny that there was a strategy of total nationalisation and when financial position of RBS will be stable, it will again be under private ownership (Webster, 2008). It can be argued that this nationalization is an example of emergent change rather than planned strategy (Whittington, 1993). Emergency was caused by the high dependency of the bank on the inflow of cash for sustaining its operations. Whittington (1993) proposed four basic approaches to strategy. These can be classified as classical, systematic, evolutionary and processual. Classical approach suggests that the companys strategy would be to maximize profit. Evolutionary approach suggests that the environment will select the strongest businesses. The systematic approach suggests that soci al environment will determine business strategy. The change in RBS is processual because it implies that the company consists of different stakeholders who have their own interests and ambitions. The goal of the management is to satisfy the interest of each stakeholder. If RBS was not nationalized and this changed was not made, the society, employees and even shareholders would suffer negative effects. However, it can be argued that the nationalization might have hurt shareholders even more because the value of their equity has gone down as the share price plummeted. cuss Analysis of RBSThe change in the organization connected with the process of nationalization can be reflected in the PEST analysis of the companyPolitical Factors The Ownership of the bank is changed in favour of the UK government Bail out was done out of the UK government budget reinforcing stimulus of the government will have positive effects on financial matters Governments support will cause managers to act in the interests of the government rather than shareholders. economical Factors Interest rates declined so demand for lending can rise Financial Crisis in the UK and the world may further deteriorate performance of the banks and additional capital may be required from the government.Social Factors The change in the bank is also connected with restructuring of the company and lay offs Rising unemployment is a negative consequence of business failures such as RBS.Technological Factors Technologies are constantly improving and this facilitates the banking business of RBS because some costs are being reduced and the work is being optimised However, since the ownership of the company changed from shareholders to the government, management will be rather interested in meeting the objectives of the government rather than optimising the work with new technologies. shoemakers lastRoyal Bank of Scotland is now almost entirely owned by British government around 70%. Today, RBS is among fi rst banks to enter new program named asset protection plan. In 2009 RBS had suffered of worst loss of about 24.1 billion pounds and adopted plan of survival. Some analysts point that as the RBS is not fully nationalised it can still face the risks and fail to satisfy investors expectations. As resent investors rate increased with great returns there is number of requests to have RBS fully nationalised (Werdigier, 2009). It is hard to label whether RBS could have avoid nationalisation in the situation when it is hard to turn back and see other choices. However, there were some managerial mistakes that could have been avoided. suffering change management was not ready to face difficulties and get over them. Besides the acquisition of the ABN Amro that was already discussed, there was another managerial mistake of continuing dividend increase after the change in earnings that were decreasing. Trying to attract new investors with high dividends and please current shareholders, managem ent put the business under risk of failure. After the ABN Amro deal, this, along with unhealthy assets that were not sold in time had lead RBS to the final step of nationalisation. Being attractive for investors and shareholders for a short time period RBS created consequences where investors of the company became most affected by nationalisation. Prior to the crisis RBS was a profitable company with attractive position. Later on there was a decrease of the UK shares market and dramatic drop in RBS share prices. Overall at the point that RBS entered in 2008, nationalisation seems to be the last chance of survival. It can give some extra time to make new strategic plan and to recover from the financial instability. There is still a chance for RBS in the future to become profitable, independent and private company. ReferencesAltman, R.C. (2009) The Great Crash, 2008 , Foreign Affairs, January/February Online. obtainable at http//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63714/roger-c-altman/th e-great-crash-2008 Accessed 27 October 2009.Ansoff, I. (1987) Strategic Management, New York WileyBackhaus, J.G., Wagner, R.E. (2004) Handbook of public finance, Birkhuser, pp. 554. Beardshaw, J., Ross, A. (2001) Economics a students guide, Pearson Education, pp.740.Bradley, J. (2009) RBS tipped for 1.5bn Profit a Year After Crash, The Scotsman, July 19, Online. available at http//business.scotsman.com/business/RBS-tipped-for-15bn-profit.5473605.jp Accessed 29 October 2009.Cuthbert, N., Dobbins, R. (1980) Managerial Participation by Pension Funds and other(a) Financial Institutions, Managerial Finance, Vol.6, 3 43-48. Encyclopedia Britannica (2009) Nationalization, Online. Available at http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/405796/nationalization Accessed 28 October 2009.Financial Ranks (2008) Worlds Largest Banks 2008 Update, Online. Available at http//financialranks.com/?p=69 Accessed 27 October 2009.Floud, R., McCloskey, D.N. (1994) The Economic History of Britain since 1700 3 volume set, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp.400.Frei, E. (2009) RBS leads 100, London banking sector lower, Finance Markets, September 21, Online. Available at http//www.financemarkets.co.uk/2009/09/21/rbs-leads-100-london-banking-sector-lower/ Accessed 29 October 2009.Global Crisis News (2009) Royal Bank of Scotland to cut 9000 Jobs, April 7, Online. Available at http//www.globalcrisisnews.com/europe/royal-bank-of-scotland-to-cut-9000-jobs/id=775/ Accessed 29 October 2009.Hester, S. (2009) Group Chief Executives Review, RBS Annual Report and Accounts 2008, Online. Available at http//www.rbs.com/microsites/gra2008/gce_review/index.html Accessed 27 October 2009.House of Commons Treasury Committee (2008) Banking Crisis Dealing With the Failure of the UK Banks, 7th report of session 2008-2009, April 21, Online. Available at http//www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmtreasy/416/416.pdf Accessed 27 October 2009.Lee, Kam-Hon (2007) Chinese Banking in Asias Market Ec onomies, trade Panoramic Review, Vol. 2 24-26. Montia, G. (2009) RBS to sell asset management business, September 28, Online. Available at http//www.bankingtimes.co.uk/28092009-rbs-to-sell-asset-management-business/ Accessed 29 October 2009.Murchie, K. (2009) RBS boss fears lost decade, Finance Markets, September 13, Online. Available http//www.financemarkets.co.uk/2009/09/13/rbs-boss-fears-%e2%80%98lost-decade%e2%80%99/ Accessed 29 October 2009.Rayner, G. (2008) Financial crisis Stock markets across world fall amid emergency bank rescues, The Telegraph, 08 October, Online. Available at http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/3160869/Financial-crisis-Stock-markets-across-world-fall-amid-emergency-bank-rescues.html Accessed 27 October 2009.RBS Annual Report and Accounts (2005) Online. Available at http//www.shareholder.com/visitors/dynamicdoc/document.cfm?CompanyID=RBSdocumentID=1108PIN=209446200resizeThree=noScale=100Keyword=type%20keyword%20herePage=6 Acces sed 27 October 2009.RBS Annual Report and Accounts (2006) Online. Available at http//www.rbs.com/microsites/gra2006/default.asp Accessed 27 October 2009.RBS Annual Report and Accounts (2007) Online. Available at http//www.rbs.com/microsites/gra2007/index.asp Accessed 27 October 2009.RBS Annual Report and Accounts (2008) Online. Available at http//www.rbs.com/microsites/gra2008/index.html Accessed 27 October 2009.Richardson, M. (2009) The Case For and Against Bank Nationalization, VOX, Online. Available at http//www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3143 Accessed 28 October 2009.The Telegraph (2009) RBS expects bad loans to mount in 2009, May 8, Online. Available at http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/5294644/RBS-expects-bad-loans-to-mount-in-2009.html Accessed 29 October 2009.Tomasic, R. (2008) The economy of Northern Rock Nationalization in the Shadow of Insolvency, Corporate Rescue and Insolvency, Vol. 1, 4 109-111.Varma, J.R. (2009) Risk Management Lessons fr om the Global Financial Crisis for Derivative Changes, Indian Institute of Management working paper, February, pp. 2-26. Webster, P. (2008) Royal Bank of Scotland under State Control, The Times, October, 13, Online. Available at http//business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4932250.ece Accessed 29 October 2009.Werdigier, J.(2009) Record Loss at Royal Bank of Scotland, The New York Times, February 26, Online. Available at http//www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/business/worldbusiness/27rbos.html?_r=1 Accessed 27 October 2009.Woods, M., Humphrey, C., Dowd, K., Liu, Y. (2009) Crunch Time For Bank Audits? Questions of Practice and the Scope for Dialogue, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 24, 2 114-134.

How did John Dewey influence on childrens learning

How did John Dewey influence on childrens learningCambodia was kn birth as Khmer Kingdom, which was one of the virtually powerful states in South East Asia. (Ayres, 2000, p.1). However, Cambodia has shrunk and deteriorated since the collapse of Khmer Empire. (Duggan, 1996, p.363)The civil war has jeopardized the social and economic exposement of Cambodia. Most of the social structures and rural fundaments were completely destroyed during Khmer Rouge, especially in the educational sector, which is one of the most important for developing the country.The education system has changed dramatically since the French colony from 1968 to 1953, in which education started in the pagodas combined innovative and traditionalistic pattern a small group of children entered the French school system. ( Duggan, 1996, p.363).Cambodia was granted full independence in 1953 (Ibid). Therefore, Prince Sihanouk was very interested in educational sector, and he decided to adopt 20 per centum of the natio nal budget in order to expand the educational system in Cambodia, however, his decision was bitingly criticized by a nonher(prenominal) people for not providing the educational equity, because the rural children did not receive any educational system from the Prince. He just mainly cogitate on the urban children. (Duggan, 1996, p.364)Lon Nol came to power in 1970, he started cambodianizing by encouraging students to participate in fighting against the national enemy Vietnamese. Most of the students were involved in the army, so they were not able to attend schools, and there were not enough teaching materials for the teachers in the classrooms.(Ayres, 2000, pp.76-80)April 17, 1975 Khmer Rouge took control of Phnom Penh and abolished all social structures and nearly schools were eradicated and others were changed into prisons, workshops, etc., Children were not allowed to study. A Ministry of Education really existed, but did not work actively and there were several textbooks wer e produced to guide teachers (Ayres, 2000, pp. 109-110). Moreover, Ayres (2000) wrote that the educational crisis in Cambodia between March 1970 and April 1975 was a function of the material and homosexual destruction generated by a nation at war. (p.68)This research will focus on the following questions1. What are some of the current problems in education in Cambodia?2. What is the role of the teacher and methods of instruction in Cambodia?3. What is John Deweys aspect on the role of the teacher and methods of instruction?4. What contributions Deweys would be useful in developing the role of the teacher and methods of instruction in Cambodia?1. The current issues in education in Cambodia.The new government was elected beneath the supervision and support of the United Nations (UN) which assisted in running a free and fair election in Cambodia in 1993. The democracy and free mart have been exercised in Cambodia since then. The foreign investors and international organizations, nam ely the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank (WB) and other Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) began to operate their projects in educational sector in Cambodia. (Duggan 1996, p.362).Although there have been considerable changes recently, the educational system has not reached an international goals by 2015 yet, because the number of drop-out and repeating in primary school is still high. The repetition rates in primary dropped from 26.3 percent to 10.2 percent between 1998 and 2005. In addition, drop-out rates in primary school is less than in secondary school. (MoEYS, 2008, p.8)Noticeably, the choice of education service provided for both in primary and lower secondary levels is still in a bad condition caused by the lack of resources, poorly-trained teachers and principalspoor authoritative system, teaching and learning materials and irresponsibility from the district and provincial principals.(World Bank, 2008, p.11)Furthermore, the survey which was conduc ted by the CSES in 2004, found on the question What are the major problems with schooling in this village? reported that there were three main problemsThe living standard of teachers which means that teachers wages is still low that cannot afford to buy anything.Poor infrastructure because the schools are in a bad condition. For example, there are not enough chairs and tables for the students to sit and learn.The location of the schools is not close enough for the students to walk from their home.The lay in data provided by EMIS in 2004 detailed that 69 percent of primary school teachers had received a degree from lower secondary school (grade 9), and there was only 7 percent of the teachers who finished the primary school. Besides, there was 24 percent of primary teachers had completed the upper secondary school. (MoEYS, 2008, p. 20)Therefore, the quality of education in Cambodia needs improving. Thus the Royal Government of Cambodia has expanded national budget from 0.9 percent in 1997 to 1.5 percent in 2006. (MoEYS World Bank. June 2008, p.59) .Also, the government has promised to increase salary for all teachers from 15 percent to 20 percent every year. (MoEYS World Bank June 2008, pp.59-62)2.1. The role of the teacher in CambodiaThe students learning progress is mainly based on the teachers performance in the classroom. Thus the teacher act as the model or sample for the students to acquire knowledge, and teachers must be committed to date and efforts in order to instruct and motivate students to achieve their learning objectives. Teachers have to spend more time beside the office working hour to prepare lesson plans, reconcile homework and give a social and friendly atmosphere to the students in the classroom in order to develop their learning ability. (World Bank, 2008, p.71)2.2. The methods of instruction in CambodiaThe traditional teaching style, was totally based on the teacher frontal and rote learning, has applied in the Cambodian classroom for many years. But in 2005, the Ministry of Education, jejuneness and Sports (MoEYS) accepted the new educational theory, which has applied in European and American classrooms, The Principles of Child Friendly Schooling and exercised it Cambodia. These principles are very useful for Cambodian students because it focuses on the childs freedom, which creates a social and friendly environment for the pupils to do a variety of activities in the classrooms. Moreover, it really helps students learn things through their own experiences. (MoEYS World Bank. June, 2008, pp. 71-72)On the other hand, in 2002 the Government of Cambodia passed a new law related Early Childhood Education and Care (ECCE). This law focuses on the child who aged 3 to 8. There are three categories of the programs First, the Royal Government of Cambodia is responsible for controlling pre-school program. Second, the responsibility comes from the community and the last one is the parents responsibility.The main purpos e of the program is to develop not only the childrens mind but also the physical body and the program is down the stairs the Department of Early Childhood Education, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. (UNESCO, 2006. pp.5-6)3. What is John Deweys perspective on the role of the teacher and methods of instruction?The man who has changed the educational system from traditional style (authoritarian classroom) to modern style (democratic classroom) is John Dewey. He was known as American psychologist, philosopher, practical teacher and educational reformer, was born in Burlington, New England, Vermont in 1859 and died in 1952. He finished Bachelor degree in 1879 at Vermont University, continued his study in philosophy for a year and received PhD from Hopkins University. (Taneja. V.R. 2010, p.136). Moreover, he worked as a high school teacher at a remote areas in Pennsylvania. He was so curious in philosophy, so he started writing his philosophical essay called Medical physical Assu mption of Materialism. (Allen. C. 2005, course of action 139)Beside teaching, Dewey opened his own school University Elementary School. The most important idea of opening this school was to continue to research and experience in new ideas and methods. The children who were under 15 years are permitted to register, andteachers must have many years experience in teaching and the classes are not astronomic, and there are somewhat 10 pupils provided for each teacher. This school was to engage the pupils in social experience. For example, pupils learned how to cook, sew, and weave.(Taneja, 2010, p.p.136-137)Role of the teacher of DeweyFor Dewey, the role of the teacher play vitally important role. A Deweyan teacher should be (encourage?) involved in the childs driving force and interests rather than the inculcation of knowledge (fixing ideas in mind by repetition). Moreover, the role of the teacher is to pave the way for the students to experience the consequences in the real world. T he other role is to assist the pupils in dealing with contemporary conditions and experiences and activities they have to confront daily. Childs freedom is the most significant of all. However, teachers role is to regulate and organize it well.The teacher should be aware of his own responsibilities and power to instruct the children to acquire the skill and knowledge. In order to hold open time by not exercising chalk and talk, teacher have to observe, plan and encourage students to learn. Deweyan teachers take a huge responsibility and big chance to provide the pupils with both in democratic co-operation and the higher intellectual pursuits and the fullest aesthetic experience. (Taneja, 2010, pp.150-152)Methods instruction of DeweyAccording to Dewey, curriculum is not based upon fixed human knowledge, subdivided logically into subjects, and parts of subjects. The curriculum should set up round the childs activities and not subjects. Dewey refused to cristal religious and moral ed ucation through lessons, but he chose to offer the practical experience. ((Taneja, 2010. p.p.150-152)His contribution and influenceDeweys curriculum and methods of teaching have applied not only in the American classrooms but also in the worlds classroom including Cambodia. Dewey had changed the traditional education system into democratic education system by accepting child-centered, which focused attentively on the freedom of the child in the classroom. stopping pointAfter Khmer Rouge collapsed in January 7, 1979, the new government was installed by the Vietnamese government. Educational system was being restored. However, the Phnom Penh government has estimated that 75 percent of teachers, 96 percent of University students and 67 percent of all primary and secondary school students were murdered. (Beveniste, World Bank, 2008.p.8)Ayres, (200) wrote that in 1979, education was in a severe crisis because there were no colonized administrative offices no curricular, teaching material s were not enough and teaching staff is not qualified. Mr. Chan Ven was appointed as the Minister of Education, Youth and Sports with a team of Vietnamese advisers to plan the rehabilitation of Cambodian educational system. Vietnamese government started supporting both the provincial and national levels. Therefore, the Vietnamese was able to hire teachers which were virtually picked up from the streets and village pathway. ( p p.128-130)According to Duggan (1996) in Phnom Penh itself, there were three Vietnamese advisers for every Cambodian official, ten Vietnamese soldiers for every Cambodian one. (p.366)The number of schools has increase rapidly since the 1980s, however, the government of Phnom Penh still faces the big problems running proper educational system because most of teachers are not well-trained and school curricular is not standardized. For instance, farmers, artisans and lower-ranking workers were chosen to teachers.Therefore, the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sp orts and other international organizations (UNESCO, UNICEF and World Bank) have worked co-operatively to develop the educational sector in order to achieve the Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDG). Moreover, in 2005 Ministry of Education developed national plan of action to reach the goals of educational for all (EFA) by 2015 to ensure that Cambodian children and youths have an equal opportunity to get to education. (pp.6-8)In 2004, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports accepted a new program which is called Child Friendly Schools program focused on primary level.(Ibid) This educational theory top executive have been affected by the American educational reformer Dewey because his teaching methods and the role of the teacher is to facilitate and motivate the pupils to learn new things through their own freedom and experience.StatementName YIM SOPHEAK Date January 31, 2011I prepared the following assignment by myself and only with the help of the literature mentioned in t he references. I did not use other literature to write my assignment. I know that plagiarism is a serious offence and I am totally aware of the shun consequences.SignatureYIM SOPHEAK

Construction Site Safety in Malaysia

Construction Site Safety in MalaysiaThe coverage of the reflexion industry is very wide-ranging it consists of residential spin, commercial building formula, heavy engineering social structure, elegant engineering, industrial eddy and infrastructure.Construction coif is considered to be the closely hazardous working indicate. In the verbalism turn up, gumshoe devicety and quality ar al panaches concerns by the people. In the recent years, construction industry is facing environmental problem collect to the pollution and the hazards mostly take a crap by the construction activities.In Malaysia, the construction industry is ac fellowship generating the republic development and overly improves the country economic. The frequencies of aim transmits and property damage which create a great impact to the construction organization. During construction period, when give-up the ghosting of calamitys and injuries or deaths of histrions go forth cause holds to the co nstruction foresee. The delay of the forcing out directly and indirectly forget incur the cost. As a result, all the construction organization must provide a good and safe working environment for the players.1.3 BackgroundWorking in the construction site is very dangerous. Most of the cam strokes happen in construction site are ca utilize by pretermit of training, carelessness, communication problem and not following basic safety rule during working in the site.The company pauperization to comply with any requirements in addition to any security policy is to create them to meet federal, state and local laws. Safety policy and regulations are use to train the construction actor for safety practices and to warning about hazards on the site during construction period. Nowadays, construction site accidents became serious and known is an most-valuable to the organization involved. Most of the construction action at law is difficult, dangerous, dirty, and considered as dangerous occupations compared with other type of industries. Most of the construction workers shoot to work in adverse conditions during rain, heat, dust, noise and at night. Some of the construction site accident happen is obvious work with the heavy machinery and hold up high above from the ground direct. The most serious accidents happen are resulting in injuries and death. The machinery need to be seriously handle and dately monitoring as it may affect the organization in high cost to repair and brinytenance the machinery. Beside that the construction company lead become bad reputation and need to pay for medical treatment for the construction workers that involved in accident during construction period. When an accident happens, it should be immediate report to the office of Safety and Health department to ensure that the suitability action could be taken by the germane(predicate) organization. For the surveillance also need to be taken to get a line the factors which cause th e accident and the way to prevent it from happen again in the future. Construction worker need to report any injuries or accidents to their supervisors or Safety and Health Department.1.4 Problem StatementSite accident is one of the signifi bourninatet and key issues that seriously happen in the construction site that control its daily operation exploitation machineries at the construction site. The numbers of site accident occurred each year at the construction site and also increasing from both year resulted in variable cost items of the project. If the construction company no way taken for prevention, it can become more serious and bad reputation to the construction company.1.5 Aim and ObjectiveTo involve the site safety in construction site during the construction periodIn the scope of this look, it contains the following objectivesTo analysis of type of accident occurrence and causes of accident in the Malaysia construction siteTo instruct safety solicitude and hazard in Malaysia construction siteTo identify the duties of various party of the site safety in construction siteResearch MethodologyA study on site safety in Malaysia construction siteTo study safety management and hazard in Malaysia construction siteTo identify the duties of various party of the site safety in construction siteTo analysis of type of accident occurrence and causes of accident in the Malaysia construction siteStage 1Literature Reviews(Secondary outset)Stage 2Technique of Data Collection(Primary source, Questionnaires)Stage 3The Result of Analysis and FindingsA caseful study about the fire protection remains in commercial buildingA set of question pull up stakes be distribute to the commercial buildings users to dertermine theier knowledge about fire safetyAn interview would be carry out to the fire safety professionalStage 4Conclusion and Recommendation originally conducting this assignment, an appropriate method to get the information is determined.InterviewWe also ca rry out interview to achieve our research goal. This is reason because it takes place with interviewees known to pitch been involved on the previous experience on the site safety in construction site in Malaysia. However, it needed to focus on the interviewers that score experiences regarding the site safety. The interview will be carried out face-to-face with 1-10 consultants who having previous experiences of this site safety in construction site. The data collected of interview will be summary and comprise in appendix of my dissertation.QuestionnairesThe general research approach is based on questionnaires. This is chosen because it will enhance the knowledge for my research topic. The questionnaires will be given out to 1-15 respondents who are the contractor, supervisor, etc that involve in the site safety in construction site. Besides that, this is an good alternative to interviews because it is enable to increase the information in my research.Literature ReviewA literary productions review is a critical and in depth evaluation of previous research. The main purposes of applying writings review method in my research are to achieve my goal and to convey the knowledge and ideas have been established with regarding to my topic. The literature review serves to deliver and more understanding and knowledge of theoretical and research issues related to my topic. Related literature refers to writing in publication such as books, journals, magazines, articles, newspaper and decision information on the internet. Furthermore, literature review helps and guide me to discovered more knowledge and helpful in my research.Case StudyCase study consists of a detailed investigation, often with data collected over a period of time, of phenomena, within the context. This method is useful for trying to test theoretical models by using them in real world situations. Basically, a case study is an in depth study of particular situation rather than a statistical survey. Th e case study is also useful for testing whether scientific theories and models actually work in the real world. Furthermore, I will plan and design how I am going to address the study and make sure that all collected data is relevant to my research topic which is site safety in construction site.1.7 Scope limitation of studyThis study focuses on site safety in a Malaysian construction site. On the primary research, I will focus on the case study of according to my objectives which are review the history of accident and study safety management in construction site, and literature review of types of accident and hazard in construction site, duties of various party of the site safety in construction site. For my secondary research, I will do a questionnaire to TAR college SOT lecturers and Construction Company (related to site safety on construction site) in Kuala Lumpur provided.The scope of this study is many types thither is literature review receivable to the quantity of publish ed journals, article, textbooks and the information on the internet so that can find out the information according to my objectives within the circumscribed time frame. Besides that, the construction company which related to site safety in construction site in Malaysia need to get permission so that can go there to visit and get the information about site safety in construction site.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThe construction site involves a lot of operations which may be dangerous, risky and unwellnessy. The number of injuries, accident, and work related illness will contribute to additional be and delays on projects. Construction site is the most dangerous and hazardous compare with other type of industry. Nowadays, site accident is keep happened in construction site and the accident percentage is kept rising every year. When accident happens in construction site it will cause the project delay and loss of project cost.In this chapter will discuss about the review acci dent occurrence and safety management in Malaysia construction site. Site safety is very important because when accident happen on construction site not only people injury and also will affect the project in term of cost and time.2.2 Type of accidents occurrence in Malaysia construction siteSite accident is an unplanned, unexpected and uncontrollable occurrence, which results in injury or death to the construction workers damage the equipment. All accidents, regardless of the damage or loss of the nature, should be concerned about. The accidents that not result damage to materials or equipment or injury to worker may presage future of unexpected accidents.Although site accident could not totally prevent from happening but still need to find the way to minimize the rate of accident by providing a safe working conditions and insisting on the use of safe working methods and procedures.In Malaysia, the number of accident occurring at the construction site is keep increasing every year d ue to the unpredictable reported. So the site accident has captured the attention and concern from the relevant organization. The table 1 show in below is the summary of major accident happen in Malaysia construction site.20052006200720081) Tower cranebroke into 2and fell ontofourIndonesianconstructionworkers at aconstructionsite buildingapartmentlocated at Batu14, Puchong.1) Landslideoccurred at aconstructionsite located atTaman Desa,Kuala Lumpurburied killed a35 year oldIndonesianman at about3.30pm whilehe wasworking onsome iron steelbeamfoundationsfor the five block609unitscondominiumcomplexes.1) Death of twoworkers andsevere injurieson ten workersat The PavillionKuala Lumpur,Jalan BukitBintangconstructionsite where thecables of theworkmens liftat the poshcondominiumand shoppingcomplex projectsnapped andplummeted 15metres to theground.1) TwoMalaysianconstructionworkerswere buried alive(p) byexcavatedsand pile in a3.6m-deepsewer trenchat TamanMerbauphase twoconstructionsite inCh anglun2) Iron hurtleweighingalmost twotonnes fellfrom 20 storeycondominiumsunderconstructiononto Dr. LiewBoon HorngsBMW killedhim andseverelyinjured hiswife and thedriver at centerDamas locateda eagle-eyed JalanHartamas.2) Negligenceof threeconstructioncompanies, ledto the death ofanotherIndonesianworker on 15May 2006located at Lot206, Section63, LorongBinjai where a32-storey of100 unitsapartment wasto be built.2) Death of twoMalaysianconstructionworkers, buriedalive fourmeters deep ina landslidewhile workingon the fencinglocated atTaman Merbau2, Fasa III atKubang, Pasu.2) Twentyfive foreignworkersescapedwithoutmajorinjurieswhen thestructurethey werestandinggave way inone of theconstructionsites inKuching.3) Two sidescollapsed of abridge thatwas underconstruction at3.2 kilometersof the KlangValley alley thatcaused thedeath of twoBangladeshworkers.3) One foreignconstructionsite workerdied anothercolleagueseverely injuredat theconstructionsite of thehonored KKTimes Squarecommercialc omplex afterpiles of sandfell on them inKota Kinabalu.4) ThreeIndonesianconstructionworkers fellfrom hold up totheir deathswhen theyslipped fromthe top floor ofa 21-storeycondominiumunderconstructionand landed onthe fifth floor atTaman TampoiIndah5) Bricks fellfrom theconstructionsite in TamanBukit Angkasa,Kerinchi onseveral carsparked at thenearby flatsduring a threehourdownpour6) Eight hugeconcrete beamswith ameasurement ofat least 40mlong and 70tonnes weightof anuncompletedflyover nearNilai collapsed,which narrowlymissed amotorist and hisaged parentsIn the construction site, it can be verbalize that there are many different types of accidents occurred at the construction sites everyday during the construction period. The types of accident in construction site, which are scaffolding, deterioration of people, struck by falling objects and so on. The Department of Occupational Safety and Health Ministry of Human Resources find out the rise of accident occurring almost every month in the year 2007 and 2008.Falling of peopleFalling of people also is the one of higher percentage happening accidents in the construction site. People working in the construction site has the risk exposed to fall in any place of the site especially at the high level. Most of the worker fall from the higher level mostly resulted in death. The type of accident is always happen in construction which is fall from scaffolding.CausesThe people who falling from the higher level because lack of safety measure at the construction site. The workers will not be protected by safety measure when accident occurs.According to the Vincent G. pubic hair in his Safety in the Construction Industry OSHA, an incident can result in an accident if fright makes a man take unprotected action. For an example, if one scaffold rope fails, the man may be saved if he just hangs on. The other common causes areImproper netting for scaffolding cause workers falls from the scaffold.The used of timber head for the hills is in myopic condition. The ladder may broken and cause the worker fall downThe ladder is not securely fixed to prevent against slipping and slide movement.Inadequate lighting during construction of basement had caused many falling of construction workers.CasesCases 1http//cdn.theborneopost.com/newsimages/A2537.jpg consultation Borneo Post Online December 29,2011, ThursdayConstruction siteKuchingEventThe workers body injury after falling down from the scaffolding .The accident happened at close to 4pm when his colleague foot support him was standing on suddenly broke, causing him fall to the ground.ConsequencesA construction worker was killed.2.2.3 PreventionFor the prevention of fall of people, there are two areas that must be emphasized during construction period. The two areas areScaffold protectionEvery construction worker on a scaffold more than 2 meter above a lower level must be protected from falling to that level workers on a walkway situated within a scaffold must be protected by the use of a personal fall arrest system or guardrail system. It is important for those workers performing plastering and painting operation for using the scaffold. The guardrail system must be installed along all extend sides and end of platforms, and they must be installed completely before the scaffold use by workers.Safety netThe safety net must be provided when the workplaces are more than 25 ft above the surface where the use, scaffold, catch platforms, temporary floors and so on. The safety net is infallible, shall not operate until the net is in place and has been tested. The safety net must extend about 8 ft outside the edge of the work.The employer should provide a safety training program for every worker who might be exposed to fall hazards. The safety training must let every worker to be familiar the hazards of falling order to minimize these hazards. So that employer must assure that every construction worker been trained. Some critical hazard areas a t the high-rise building construction equal lift shaft and edge of the structure must also provide with a proper guardrail system.2.3 Struck by falling objectsIt can be said that the events of struck by falling objects are quite same with the fall of people. The only thing different is falling objects may not essential cause injured or fatality. Whereas, in fall of people it definitely caused injury or fatal of people.CausesNot proper netting for the scaffolding. Some workers may not hold the tools and equipment properly during superstructure work and cause the tools and equipment fall out from the netting.Falling of scaffolding components during the erection and dismantling.Not carry the work the proper manner. For instance, the workers throw the rubbish directly from the edge of the building at the high level as shown in Appendix.Material fall during handling by the crane due to indecent stackingThe too heavy load to carry in the handling will cause the broken of rope, where the rope is not able to withstand the loading. frankincense falling of material occur.The ropes used in the handling not securely tied are always cause the material fall during the operation.2.3.5 Causes of hapAccident dont just happen, they are caused. According to Ridley 99 per cent of the accident are caused by either unguaranteed acts or unprotected conditions or both (Ridley, 1986). As such, accidents could be prevented. The vulnerable act is a violation of an accepted safe procedure which could permit the occurrence of an accident. The unsafe condition is a hazardous physical condition or circumstances which could directly permit the occurrence of an accident. Most accident results from a combination of contributing causes and one or more unsafe acts and unsafe condition. Accident theories and models discussed in the previous section have evolved from merely blaming workers, conditions, machineries into management roles and responsibilities. Nowadays, accident models are bei ng used to make better explain the causes of accident so that appropriate actions could be taken to make improvement. However, in order to effect permanent improvement, we must deal with the alkali causes of accident. A review of the literature indicates that finding the factors and causes that influence construction accidents has been the passion of many researchers. Kartam and Bouz (1998) did a study in Kuwaiti construction and noted that the causes of accidents were due to worker turnover and glum acts inadequate safety performance improper cleaning and unusable materials destiny low tool maintenance supervisory fault and misplacing objects. Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) conducted a more oecumenical study in the USA and classified the causes into benevolent and physical factors. Human factors were due failed to secure and warn Failed to wear personal preventive equipment (PPE) horseplay operating equipment without consent operating at unsafe speed personal factor remove sa fety device serviced moving and energized equipment took unsafe position or posture used defective tool or equipment and other unsafe action. While, physical factors were due to unsafe act of another person(s) disregard known prescribed procedures defects of accident source dress or apparel hazard environmental hazard fire hazard hazardous arrangement hazardous method housekeeping hazard improper assignment of personnel inadequately guarded public hazard and other unsafe conditions.Lubega et al (2000) did a study in Uganda and concluded the causes of accidents were mainly due to lack of awareness of safety regulations lack of enforcement of safety regulations poor regard for safety by people involved in construction projects engaging incapable personnel non-vibrant professionalism mechanical bereavement of construction machinery/equipment physical and emotional stress and chemical impairment. Pipitsupaphol and Watanabe (2000) did a study in Thailand construction sites and classifi ed the causes into the most potent factors i.e. unique nature of the industry job site conditions unsafe equipment unsafe methods human elements and management factors. They further concluded that major immediate causes were due to failure to use personal protective equipment improper loading or placement of equipment or supplies failure to warn co-workers or to secure equipment and improper use of equipment.Toole (2002) also did a study in the USA and suggested that the causes of accidents were due to lack of proper training deficient enforcement of safety safety equipment not provided unsafe methods or sequencing unsafe site conditions not using provided safety equipment poor attitude toward safety and isolated and sudden deviation from prescribed behavior. Tam et al (2004) did a study in China and noticed that the causes of accidents were due poor safety awareness from top leaders lack of training poor safety awareness of project managers reluctance to input resources for safety reckless operation lack of certified skill wear down poor equipment lack of first aid measures lack of pissed enforcement of safety regulation lack of organizational commitment low education level of workers poor safety conscientiousness of workers lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) in impressive operation of safety regulation lack of technical guidance lack of strict operational procedures lack of experienced project managers shortfall of safety regulations lack of protection in material transportation lack of protection in material fund lack of teamwork spirits excessive overtime work for labor shortage of safety management manual lack of innovative technology and poor information flow.2.3.1 Accident Causation ModelsThe accident causality model is not a new model to determine the root causes of safety problems in the construction and other industries. The accident causation model is a tool that providing better industrial accident prevention program. As described by Heinrich (1980) accident prevention is an integral program, a series of coordinate activities, directed to the control of unsafe personal performance and unsafe mechanical conditions, and based on certain knowledge, attitudes, and abilities. The famous models that were developed that relate to accident causation are namely half mask theory that was invented by Heinrich in 1930 and multiple causation theory that was developed by Petersen in 1971.2.3.4 Human Error TheoriesThe practice of this theory is pointed out that the worker as a major factor in the accident. This theory as mentioned by Abdelhamid (2000) studies the tendency of humans to make mistake in a pastiche of conditions and circumstances, with the blame mostly fall on human characteristics. This theory does not mean to blame the workers as the main problem for accident, other factors such as workplace design and tasks without considering the limitation of the worker as the reason why accident happened in construction sit e. The objective of human error theory is to establish a good design of workplace, tasks, and tools that suitable with human limitation. The theory is that it comes to human error theory, which is a model of patterns of behavior and human factors. Most of these theories describe that the human (worker) is the main problem caused an accident happen, which is permanent feature of human and human capacity overload and human conditions that often make mistake.2.4 Root Causes of AccidentThe root causes mean the main causes of accident happen in the construction site. There are some roots causes of accident happen in the construction site. The causes of accident can separate in 4 parts, which arePeoples roleOrganization and managementNature of construction industryMaterial and Equipment2.4.1 Peoples Role2.4.1.1 Worker attitude and BehaviourOne of the roots causes of an accident is the poor attitude and bad behaviour of the workers which difficult to control (Teo et al., 2005). The origin al manual workers in the industrialization of agri acculturation, and annul the risk of awareness with the construction industry. Furthermore, most of the workers are low educated. Most of them are only concern with the contract wages than importance of personal safety. This minus attitude and behaviour have stimulated most workers not to use the personal protective equipment during working on construction site. The reason of not lay their protective equipments is inconvenient for their operation. Rasmussen (1997) identified that 70%-80% of accidents happened arise from worker attitude and behaviour.2.4.1.2 Worker Attitude and BehaviourPrevious studied have pointed out that the causality play an important role in determined causation of an accident (Gibb, (1999, 2001) McKay et al., 2002 Loughborough University UMIST, 2003 Wright et al., 2003). The accident was mainly due to the widespread use of manual handling. As a result, it introduces a lot of manual handling hazards. For e xamples, cast in-situ method.Furthermore, the design complexity has dedicated to the causation of accident. The design complexity is referring to the intricate aesthetic qualities. set up on Loughborough University and UMIST (2003) studied, the more complexity of design tend to have a greater potential to influence accident occurrence in workplace.2.4.2 Organization and care2.4.2.1 Poor Management CommitmentAfter the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), (2009b) conducted a survey, the result shown 75% of all fatal accidents in the building and civil engineering industries in the United Kingdom are caused by the ineffective of management. Nowadays, the contractor is more reliance on the insurance, contractor tends to passed most of the damages and financial obligation to insurance company (Lingard H, Rowlinson S, 1997). As a result, contractor may not provide appropriate training and focus on workplace safety and health issues. The workers involved in site activities may not be awa re of the danger zone.In some cases, safety and health officers are threatened by their employer no to report an accident to Department Safety and Health (DOSH, 2011). Many accidents do not report because the project manager is trying to cover up their own fault and protect company image. Normally, the safety management process require site supervisor to carry out on-site inspection and fake a number of safety and health checklist.However, many contractors only put in commitments on paper, act differently in the site (Ding et al., 2000). For examples, the OSHA 1994 personnel protective equipments record in Malaysia.2.4.2.2 Poor Communication and CoordinationIn the construction site, the effective communication and information transfer between management and staff are the effective way to reduce the number of accidents.However, there are many site workers came from foreign country. Some of the workforce does not speak and understand native language. As a result, the safety committee need to convey the danger zone and potential accidents may occur on the site.Furthermore, Debrah YA, Ofori G (2001), the large number of affaire of sub-contractor, the possibility of accidents occurrence is increase as well. It is because going to increase the complexity in coordinate and control among the sub-contractor. Besides that, the main contractor may hammock the safety responsibility toward sub-contractor without ensure the sub-contractor is capable to provide the safety workplace (Wilson, Kohen E, 2000).2.4.2.3 Company SizeThe company size has determined the implementation of safety and health within an organization. The big company has more budget and systematic system in allocation of resources for each department. As a result, the safety and health department have sufficient resources to implement and promote the importance of safety and health at the construction site. Unfortunately, the small company has limited and lack of budgets to implement the effective safety and health approaches within the construction site (Abel Pinto et al., 2001). For examples, a small contractor company cannot afford to provide a set of standard safety equipments for every workforce. A studied by McVittie et al. (1997) indicated that accident rates decrease as the sizes of firms increase.2.4.2.4 Poor Organization Safety CultureThe contractor fails to introduce the culture of safety among the members of the organization. The safety organization chart setup due to the purposes of the law require by the government. However, the safety and health officer does not have needful requirement for autonomy in the workplace (Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM)). It is because some of the safety officer is employee for the contractor and developer.The researchers Diaz and Cabrera (1997) pointed out that an organizational climate is built up through the interaction of organizational factor and individual factors. Many studies had conducted (Coyle, Sleeman, Ad ams, 1995 Diaz and Cabrera, 1997 Felknor, 1997 Krispin, 1997 Seppala, 1992) the lower the score of a safety climate, the worst the safety performance. It is because the members within an organizational will never pay attention to the safety and health level. Beck Woolfson (1999), emphasize that it is important in control workforce beliefs, attitude and behaviours with regard to safety. As a result, poor organization safety culture is one of the roots causes lead to the occurrence of an accident.2.4.3 Nature of Construction Industry2.4.3.1 Economic and Time PressureEconomic and time pressure had come from the high demand in property market (Abel Pinto et al., 2001). The developer required contractor to complete a construction project within a short period of time. In order to complete the project on time, the contractors relax rules and procedure for safety and health. For example, carry out reckless operations. Furthermore, the workforce is required to work overtime. It is easy to cause the accident due to the fatigue of worker (Haslam et al., 2005).2.4.3.2 Constantly Changing WorksiteThe construction industry is not same to others type industry. For the even out industry, the workers repeat and control the machine every day. However, construction industry involves the movement of manual workers in the workplace (Abel Pinto et al., 2009). The more movement in the site, the possibilities of accident will be keep increasing.2.4.3.3 Site RestrictionA restricted site has implied insufficient space on site. Thus, there is limited space for machine, plant and storage of building material. The restricted site will have been introduced as an unexpected persistent cause of accidents (Gibb, (1999, 2001) McKay et al., 2002 Loughborough University UMIST, 2003 Wright et al., 2003). A congested site condition not only implied of dual processing of work. However, it causes an accident as a result of a worker struck by a moving vehicle (HSE, 2009b).2.4.3.4 Worker distinct ionEvery construction project is involved structural, architectural, brick wall, ME and plumbing work. Each kind of

The Shining :: essays research papers

The ShiningThe Shining is about a discolor middle class dysfunctional family that suffers from natural and sorcerous stresses in an isolated Rocky mountain hotel. .The father, a former teacher turned writer, is portrayed as a habitual drinker, wife- and child-abuser, with a kind of monstrous streak The mother is shown as a battered woman. The film suggests that due to the abuse at the hands of his father and the passivity of his mother, the child of this family developed mental problems. He had imaginary friends and began to see frightening images.Early in the film , a psychologist is called in to treat the troubled child and she calmed the mother with a affirmation to the effect that, These things come and go but they are unexplainable. This juncture of the film is a starting point for one of the central themes of the film which is how a fragile family unit is besieged by unusual forces both natural and supernatural which breaks and possesses and unites with the morally chal lenged father while the mother and the child through their innocence, love, and reality triumph over these forces. One motif which reappears in the film is the top executive of nature, especially in relation to the individual. In fact, the film begins with a majestic beam of light of the Rocky Mountains showing its beauty and height. The beauty of nature and even friendliness of nature changes as the film develops. As the movie progresses the snow still seems white and pure, al to the highest degree virgin like, but nature becomes an isolating force, not providing the family with a retreat from the pressures of modern life, but forcing the family to turn in on its dysfunctional and insane self. Imprisoned by the snow and the tall mountains , the family seems weak and vulnerable.Nature has no compassion for the plight of the family, nor is it a malicious force it is merely a power with constructive or destructive potential. We see its constructive side when it freezes Johnny to d eath.The weakness of the individual is another motif in the film. Perhaps we see this most clearly with the boy who is sensitive to and harassed by the supernatural forces in the hotel. As we know from everyday experience children seem weak because they are minuscule and usually are very sensitive and easily hurt by the negative and destructive outbursts of adults. Our general sense of a childs photo is heightened by the way the child of The Shining is forced to grapple with such evil and terrible forces which are likely to be difficult for all of us.

The Mask :: essays research papers

The MaskThe mask is a form of deception or illusion. Sometimes, it can be worn as both. It hides the true emotions of buckle downs, keeping the striver master from knowing what is going on in their minds. The mask also allows the slave to have an identity without the masters detection. The mask gives the illusion that the slave is exactly how the masters believe, ignorant, incapable of true emotion, and unable to think for themselves.A perfect depiction of the mask can be found in Charles Chestnutts The Passing of Grandison. Colonel, Grandisons master, believed that he would neer try to escape if allowed to go on a journey with his son, Dick. The colonel recommends to Dick that he bring Grandison along on his travels.Whats the matter with Grandison? suggested the colonel. Hes handy enough, and I reckon we can trust him. Hes too fond of good take in to risk losing his regular meals besides, hes sweeton your mothers maid, Betty ( 536)The colonels belief in Grandison as a faithful servant, proves that he was in fact deceived by the mask that Grandison was wearing.In another passage, colonel is discussing with Grandison if he feels better off than the free negroes that dont have no benignant master to look after them and no mistress to give them medicine. Grandison replies with an answer that reflecting his accomadation to colonel. Well, I shd jes reckon I is better off, suh, dan dem low- down free niggers, suh Ef anybody axem who dey Blong ter, dey has ter say nobody, er ese lie erbout it. Anybody ax me who I Blongs ter, I ain got no casion ter be shame ter tell em, no, suh, deed I ain, suh (536)By Grandison replying in this matter, he used the mask to deceive the colonel and fool him into thinking that he never thought about being free. He was able to make the colonel believe that he was indeed content.Not only was Grandison able to fool the colonel with the mask, but he was able to fool Dick as well. While they were up north, Dick warned Grandison about t he abolitionists. He also tells him that it is his opportunity to see how the free negroes live. Dick asks Grandison if he met any of them.Yas, suh, Is seen some of em. But I don keer nuffin fer em, suh.