Lean Thinking Model and Its’ Positive Effects on Manufacturing Processes

Running Head: Lean Thinking Model Lean Thinking Model and its' Positive Effects on Manufacturing Processes June 11, 2009 Table of Contents Introduction4 Steps of the Lean Manufacturing Process5 Step 1:Identify the Value to Customers in Specific Products and Services5 Step 2:Identify the Business Processes the Delivers this Value to Customers8 Step 3:Organize Work Arrangements around the Flow of the Business Process8 Step 4:Create a Pull System that Responds to Customer Demands9 Step 5:Continuously Pursue Perfection in the Business Process10 Summary12 References14 Abstract The lean thinking model has many positive effects on the manufacturing process. The model aids companies in the significant reduction of both human and natural resources by removing waste from all aspects of the manufacturing process. Establishing sound processes will in turn help to eliminate waste in production, workforce, and management resources. The lean thinking model is a process with multiple steps involved to ensure effectiveness for a company. These steps are guidelines that do not fit every organization exactly since there are so many differences between businesses. The function of lean is to seek and find the value of your business. This process will determine the customer’s needs, allow for the removal of non-value added functions and tasks, and materials to become a lean business machine. Henry Ford and the Toyota Company depict an example of the lean thinking model. They invented, re-invented, and added to the lean thinking model over the years and have demonstrated that the model does elp create an efficient business. Introduction The Lean Thinking Model (or lean) falls directly in line with expectations of customers needs for a particular product line by totally reducing excess waste out of the process. A company using lean must optimize the flow of production processes in order to make it cost effective and an efficient process. The philosophy of lean is to remove all waste in the manufacturing process, prov ide reasonable pricing to the customer, which in turn will result in company profits and stability. Toyota is the forerunner of the Lean manufacturing process and has been utilizing, improving and perfecting this method since 1902 (Becker, 2009). Toyota’s hourly wage including benefits such as health care and pensions plans is significantly less in comparison to their other competitors. Toyota’s rate is $48. 00 dollars an hour where GM’s rate is $69. 00 dollars an hour (Hirschfeld Davis, 2008). With both the current economic crisis and government bailouts, some of Toyota’s automobile competitors obviously did not follow the lean manufacturing process. Therefore, Toyota is one of the top automobile companies today. The Toyota Production System is credited for Toyota because of their â€Å"sustained leadership in manufacturing performance† (Johnsoton, 2001). Toyota has adapted to changes within the automobile industry with excellence. They drive towards â€Å"continuously improving the micro levels of manufacturing processes through identification and systematic reduction or elimination of non-value adding activities† (Sullivan, 2008). Dennis Sowards stated it very well when he said, â€Å"For lean construction to be truly successful, it requires a cultural change in the company, not a few random uses† (Sowards, 2009). Not only must a company participate in a cultural change, they must develop a plan to change their processes and their way of thinking. Company programs lacking support and participation from employees’ typically are unsuccessful. There are five management steps contained within the Lean Thinking Model. This management step approach works well when applied to organize a company’s resources such as equipment and personnel. These resources are incorporated â€Å"†¦around the flow of business processes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the products are â€Å"†¦pulled through this process in response to customer orders† (Garrison et al. , 2008, p. 13). A company will see many benefits from this process, which could include â€Å"lower inventories, fewer defects, less wasted effort, and quicker customer response times† (Garrison et al. , 2008, p. 13). Shown below are the five lean steps along with descriptions of each demonstrating the significant of how these steps contribute to the success of a company. Steps of the Lean Manufacturing Process Step 1:Identify the Value to Customers in Specific Products and Services In order to sustain business, a company must identify what the customer values in a product and service which will bring that customer back to buy again. A prime example where customers were disappointed by a product change is when the Coca Cola Company © released their new product called The New Coke ©. This occurred in 1985 after the Coca Cola Company © researched and marketed a new product formula, which they initially intended to replace their orginal Coca Cola © Classic formula. Have you seen New Coke © product invending machines or on the grocery shelves anywhere today? No. Because customers hated the new product and wanted their original Coca Cola © back. The Coca Cola © company did not find out what their customer wanted prior to changing their formula and their customers were highly offended. Lessons learned: The organization found out very quickly that their customer found absolutely no value in their new product. Coca Cola Company © spent four hundred million dollars for research, development and marketing of the new formula (Unknown, 2009). After 87 days of bad press, customer letters and phone calls with complaints against the new formula, the Coca Cola © Company pulled the New Coke © product off the shelves (Unknown, 2009). The organization could have prevented this issue. They could have sent out Coca Cola © samples to millions of customers rather than the initial two hundred thousand of taste testers (Unknown, 2009). The reason for this anology is that the target group of Coca Cola © lovers is in the millions, not in the thousands. To keep prices as low as possible, and create a sustainable competitive advantage, waste must be removed from the manufacturing process (Baker, 2006). This includes the office worker who wastes time with two hours of cooler talk, the shop worker who is standing idley by waiting for the production line to gear back up, or there are missing steps to the design flow process. For an organization to be lean, the idea must be implemented from top down, not from the bottom up. It must include support from all levels. When individuals are standing around and others are working excessively, there is an imbalance in the work flow process which could be corrected by implementing cross-training throughout various departments (Baker, 2006). Part of the waste reduction process is identifying all pocesses or business elements that create waste and then modifying them to reduce that waste. Most organizations think that the lean process is to clean and organize an office, for example, or shift personnel around without any thought to reduce non-value added functions. By pulling out those steps that do not add value from the customers point of view and by removing waste, a company may just have a sustainable product on their hands (Baker, 2006). A business that understands the customer’s values will be able to provide that customer with a product that they need. Remember, the lines of communication must remain open. Customer’s feedback for products is extremely important. The customer feedback provides an invaluable tool to maintain existing quality and steps to improve a product line if needed. The customer interaction is a part of the lean process. This step in the lean process takes constant maintenance and interaction between both parties on regular bases (Baker, 2006). Company’s that value their customer opinions helps the organization improve product lines, reduce waste, and adds value for success. What causes a customer to remain loyal to a particular brand and purchase it repeatedly? It is often that a customer finds value in a specific brand name, not just the item. For instance, some people will only wear Nike © tennis shoes, this is specific brand loyalty. The value of a reasonable priced item is typically a good second indicator, but not always. Product price versus the quality of the product is another comparison the customers will make prior to buying. It has been my personnel experience that a cheaper product of lesser quality will often need to replaced because it worn out too soon. If the quality of the product lasts as long as the customer feels it should based on the price of the item, then when it is time to replace it, they are more likely to venture back to the same brand. What the customer values in a particular product must be identified to meet their budgets need and keep them coming back as a repeat customer for the company. Customer loyalty is free advertising for the manufacturer. When customers are happy about the products or services that they receive from a business, they brag about the product and the organization. Bragging is free advertising of products or services. By acknowledging the value of customer feedback, making the customer feel good while using a particular product, the company may gain a loyal friend for life. Step 2:Identify the Business Processes the Delivers this Value to Customers After a business identifies what products and services the customer wants, needs and values, their business processes that deliver these products and services must be identified as well (Garrison, et. al, 2008, p 14). The next step is to lean out those processes to make them more efficient. During this step of the lean process, there are no departmental boundaries in the company’s organizational chart when determining what business process will deliver the identified value to the customer (Garrison, et. l, 2008, p 14). This element removes waste from both manufacturing and human resources. This ensures effective processes. Each business department has the opportunity to be lean. Step 3:Organize Work Arrangements around the Flow of the Business Process Effective layout for business flow is essentional to an efficient production line (Sullivan, 2008). The Lean Manufacturing system organizes process and p laces them in manufacturing cells based on the product that they are creating. The cellular approach takes employees and equipment from departments that were previously separated from one another and places them side-by-side in a work space called a cell† (Garrison, et. al, 2008 p 14). Every aspect from the equipment process line to the employee running the machines is organized in a cell. Training the employees to perform all the steps in their manufacturing cell ensures accurate and consistent skill training. This step ensures that the manufacturing of the product is completed in a sequential manner that follows detailed process steps. By applying this step, time reduction for an employee in the overall process will take place. For example, the employee would no longer have to run clear across the two-mile plant to obtain the nut for the bolt that was produced in their cell. The bolts and nuts would be in the same cell since it is part of the new process cell. This is a significant cost savings for the company, which is passed directly to the customer. Step 4:Create a Pull System that Responds to Customer Demands Creating a pull system to respond to customer demands starts by a customer placing a product or service order. A company reduces inventories to bare minimum levels because production will only occur after the customer orders something from the organization. â€Å"In an ideal situation the company would only purchase the raw materials needed for each day or shift of operation, with none left at the end of the day and immediately ship the finished goods to the customer† (Garrison, et. al, 2008 p 14). This sometimes can cause a problem. This type of workflow pattern can cause work stoppages because when orders are not coming in, workers are waiting for customer orders to perform work (Garrison, et. al, 2008 p 14). This problem can be alleviated by ensuring that cross training is conducted with those employees that may have to wait for orders. Just-in-Time (JIT) is another example of a pull system and is used at many large manufacturing companies such as Northrop Grumman, Ford and Toyota. When the JIT System is applied to a manufacturing process, materials are purchased for what is needed, when they are needed, and the quantities produced are based specifically on what customers order. The JIT system made Henry Ford and Toyota famous in their efforts to minimize waste and organize their manufacturing process successfully. For example, Toyota to this day does not start production on their vehicles until there is an order from a customer for a vehicle. Another excellent example of a company that uses the JIT process is Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding. They are located on the James River in Newport News, Virginia and are the only manufacturer of nuclear aircraft carries for the United States Navy. Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding developed the Nimitz class carrier for the Navy with the famous slogan of 90 tons of steel. The painting of all that steel is amazing to witness. In 1990, the Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding environmental department estimated the waste paint volume at nearly 60% of the paint purchased. Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding decided that something needed to change to reduce this double cost of extra paint purchased and waste. They began working with paint manufacturers and applied a JIT system with all paint purchases. The paint manufactures signed teaming agreements with Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding to supply all paints JIT. The environmental department estimated a 25% reduction in waste from this JIT application. Only 25% reduction was seen as a great feat, but it was also disturbing. The environmental department with Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding was concerned that there was not a 60% reduction. This led the company to further investigation of the painting application process. Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding discovered that the paint distribution and application process was the culprit for the missing 35%. Their next lean step after discovering this problem was to eliminate it and they have since created processes to do just that. Step 5:Continuously Pursue Perfection in the Business Process A company must continuously review all aspects of their business in order for it to improve in the pursuit of perfection. This is not just production line review (Garrison et al. , p. 14). Quality control is a vital attribute in this step as well. Raw materials and parts are inspected for defects, including finished products manufactured in the shop and raw materials received from supplies to produce those products. Business and suppliers must work together to ensure each has a quality program that will enhance their product line, not hurt it with inadequate materials or products. The company’s production workers will inspect a second time since they are directly responsible for spotting defective pieces. A worker who discovers a defect immediately stops the flow of production and start working on trouble shooting a solution to correct it. Supervisors and other workers in the area will assist in determining the root cause of the problem and correct it before any further defective units are produced (Garrison et al. , p. 14). This way of thinking allows the company to ensure quick problem identification and solutions in their business process. It is not a common philosophy in manufacturing processes where the production line worker can stop the production line because they found an error in a part. Typically, the worker is required to inform their supervisor, the supervisor will inform the shop production manager and then perhaps senior management all while the production line is still running and generating defective parts. This entire succession of informing all those in the management chain can take hours or even days to accomplish. With lean manufacturing and the Jidoka system, the worker would stop production immediately, resolve the issues before any more defective parts are produced and subsequently scrapped as waste (Brodek, 2009). A very interesting aspect of lean is that the process relies on those working the deck plate to find defective or wasteful processes and solve the problem. Traditionally, an individual would go up the chain of management and those in upper management would make the corrective action decision. The Jidoka system is a process established by the Japanese that provides front line workers the ability and responsibility to stop the production line immediately when they find a problem (Brodek, 2009). They are then required to alert their fellow workers and problem solves the situation. If they are inexperienced in this problem solving process, other works or supervision may make suggestions for correction, but not before the individual that stopped the process attempts to solve it. This forces the new employee to acquire learned problem solving skills, which is invaluable in a manufacturing process line. Permanent and perfect solutions are expected result of the Jidoka system. Employees must understand that the Band-Aid approach is not acceptable in correcting company production or process problems. The entire company must pull together and problem solve, because by using the lean process, repeat defective parts are not acceptable. In 1926, Henry Ford could manufacture a car in four days and at that same time, Toyota and General Motors needed ten weeks to produce just one vehicle. Henry Ford’s Jidoka system vehicle manufacturing process is a great example of how reducing waste worked for Ford. Toyota studied the Ford process and applied lean manufacturing to their processes and reduced their vehicle manufacturing process from ten weeks to just two days (Brodek, 2009). That is impressive for any company. Another Application for the Lean Thinking Model â€Å"The lean thinking model can also be used to improve the business processes that link companies together. The term supply chain management is commonly used to refer to the coordination of business processes across companies to better serve end consumers† (Garrison et al, 2008, p 14). For example, Costco teams with their suppliers to ensure materials and products that they need are available based on customer demand. Both Costco and the supplier understand that their mutual success is highly dependent upon them working together as a team. Summary The significant benefits of the Lean Manufacturing Model include many different aspects. The first is the reduction of resources, human and natural. By removing waste from work scopes, production lines and management, the company will save money. Another significant benefit is the reduction of time for an employee and a given product on the production line will result in additional cost savings. By leaning out an organization’s processes, human resources, and materials in the production process, this elimination of non-value added steps would add the benefit of saving the company time and money. Other examples of the reduction in resources used include electricity, natural resources (metal, gas, electricity, and fabric) and personnel. Truly honing in on what the customer wants, needs and values will help create a process that defines those values. This is a key function of lean manufacturing. References Baker, W. H. (2006, May). Profit Online. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from Five Steps to the Lean Enterprise; creating a sustainable competitive advange: http://www. oracle. com/profit/features/p26lean_3. html Brodek, N. (2009). Mold Making Technology. Retrieved May 13, 20069, from Five Rules to Problem Solving in Your Shop: http://www. moldmakingtechnology. com/articles/010508. html Becker, R. M. (2009). SAE International. Retrieved May 16, 2009, from Lean Manufacturing and the Toyota Production System : http://www. sae. org/manufacturing/lean/column/leanjun01. htm Garrison, R. H. (2008). Managerial Accounting (12th edition). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill COmpanies, Inc.. Hirschfeld Davis, J. a. (2008, December 11). USA Today. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from Auto bailout talks collapse in Senate over union wages : http://www. usatoday. com/money/autos/2008-12-10-house-approves-auto-bailout-bill_N. htm Johnsoton, S. J. (2001, November 26). Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School. Retrieved May 13, 2009, from How Toyota Turns Workers Into Problem Solvers: http://hbswk. hbs. edu/item/3512. html Sowards, D. (2009, March 01). snips Magazine. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from Lean and Mean: http://www. nipsmag. com/Articles/Feature_Article/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000539426 Frost and Sullivan. (2008, January 3). Frost and Sullivan Market Insite. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from Cellular Manufacturing : http://www. frost. com/prod/servlet/market-insight-print. pag? docid=116843703 (Sullivan, 2008) need to fix this one. The authors are Frost and Sullivan†¦no first names, but the citation is wrong Unknown. (2009 , June 9). Building Brands. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from Cost-effective promotions can build the brand too: http://www. buildingbrands. com/didyouknow/08_new_coke. php

Responsibilities of Sports Engineers

Responsibilities of Sports Engineers Sports is something that attracts every person in this world towards itself. Sports has become a very common field that everybody has interested in. People are gaining more and more interest in different sports from all over the world. And that is why sports engineering is gaining significance and recognition. It is a special field of engineering, which involves everything from the development to the testing of the different sports equipment. The discipline includes numerous activities and everything related to sports and sports equipment.The sports engineers have several responsibilities that are discussed here at length. The very first responsibility of a sports engineer is the designing of the sports equipment. With the development of different sports and an increase in their popularity, people are eager to make use of the best of the sports equipment. And this is where the sports engineers can contribute by developing new equipment that would help the athletes perform better. Sports engineers are also responsible for carrying out a complete lab and experimental testing of the sports equipment, athletes and the interaction between them.This is one of the most important parts of the job of a sports engineer because it is not possible to make use of anything without testing the equipment and the nature of interactions the users would have with the equipment. The sports engineers not only carry out laboratory testing but are also required to test the performance of the athletes and different devices in the field, i. e. the environment of the sports. Field testing needs to be completely accurate so that there is no scope of mistakes and the athletes are prepared to use their equipment in the real conditions and situations.Computational modeling has been used only for scientific purposes till now. Computational modeling approach is usually employed in physics and other scientific applications, whether it is fluid dynamics or a ny other experiment. Sports engineers are also making use of this technique and approach for determining the forces acting upon the working of the equipment and for stimulating its working before actually developing them. Sports engineers also need to continuously work with the different government bodies and the authorities for making sure that the rules are adhered to and everything is carried out within the pre-defined guidelines.Sports engineers also have to work with the athletes to regularly keep a track and improve the performance of the different athletes in different fields. They need to find out new ways and measures for enhancing the performance of the sportsmen. Thus, we see that sports engineers are extremely important people and they need to carry out all of their responsibilities sincerely for the development of different sports and for the betterment of the athletes. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

Beloved & novel

This novel is set just after the Civil War; therefore slavery is still on the minds of all the characters. Toni Morrison mad one of the main characters of Beloved a ghost because she wanted the characters to remember where they came from and this very evident from the start of the novel. The house was haunted by all of Denver and Sethe’s dead relativities. The house which is called â€Å"sweet house† isn’t very sweet. In fact, Paul D says, â€Å"If the house was so sweet, people would have stayed† (Morrison 13).Even though the characters have moved on, memories come back to us no matter what else happens in over lives. Sethe and Denver keep seeing and talking to ghosts because the ghosts are the entire have in their lives. The ghosts equal all the memories of slavery that Sethe has. Morrison also uses ghosts in Beloved to equate slavery with a type of death . This death is the end of a part of a life and start of another part of a life.However, the memorie s of slavery were still so strong after the Civil War that the images of slavery were hard to escape. The color of death was always in Sethe’s dreams; baby blood, pink gravestones and nothing more (Morrison 39). In addition, when Beloved came into Sethe’s, Denver’s and Paul D’s lives she hovered over Sethe like a ghost who wished to haunt her (Morrison 51). Beloved like all of the other ghosts represents the past.Beloved doesn’t like when Sethe concentrates on anything or anyone but her (Morrison 100). In other words, Beloved wants Sethe to focus on all the bad memories of slavery. The supernatural events in the book contrast with what the reader expects in the ‘real world’ because it is possible that the reader would expect that if Sethe and Denver were actual people living in society they would wish to leave the house that is filled with a ghost that seems to be tied to the memories of slavery.In addition, they both would want to go outside more and enjoy what life has to offer them. Moreover, in the ‘real world’ Sethe and Denver would probably attempt to both contact the ghosts through a medium or a ghost whisperer and ask why they are haunting the house and why these ghosts aren’t letting them go on with their lives. In addition, Sethe and Denver might even attempt to perform an exorcism hoping to get rid of the ghost or ghosts in their home so they can get on with their lives.Moreover, in the ‘real world Sethe would see marring Paul D and possibly having a baby with him as a great way to start a new life after the horrible life she had because of slavery and Denver would be happy because she would have the father that she never had. Furthermore, Paul D might intervene in this situation by demanding that Sethe and Denver get some professional help because they both play and with and talk to ghosts that live in the house instead of interacting with a real human being who loves both of them.However, in the book both Sethe and Denver, especially Sethe are bewitched by Beloved and don’t wish to go on with their lives. Paul D wishes to have a baby and a life with Sethe and Denver but Sethe is too scared to do that (Morrison 131-32). Also, Sethe thanks Beloved for showing her that what is in the house is all that Denver and she needs and she doesn’t need the world, which includes Paul D outside the house in the ‘real world’ (Morrison 185). Morrison seems to be saying that sometimes human beings make their own reality.In other words, human beings create the reality that they need to survive even if that reality is false. In this book, fantasy is reality. Even when all three of them go outside to ice skate Beloved is still there and not Paul D (Morrison 174). Sethe and Denver ice skating with Beloved, who is a ghost isn’t al all realistic. In one way, it seems like Sethe and Denver are attempting to get away from the ghost because they go outside and ice skate and they are happy, but, at the same time it also seems like both Sethe and Denver are trying to hold on to a bit of the past along with the present while ignoring the future.Sethe is bewitched by a ghost because she sees herself as Beloved and vice-versa (Morrison 216) Sethe seems to be losing herself. She is losing her own identity. I think that Morrison makes the contrast between the world of the supernatural and the ‘real world’ to remind the reader that sometimes human beings can get so haunted by past memories, ghosts if you will, that the past bleeds into the present and into the future. In fact, human beings can get so absorbed in memories that they forget the present.This is very apparent when Sethe lost her job because of Beloved and Denver gets pushed out of Sethe’s life little by little the more Beloved stays there (Morrison 240). The contrast between the two worlds is also done to show that human beings can come out of their haunted world with a bit of help from your friends. The community broke Sethe out of the ghostly trance that Beloved had on her (Morrison 260). Morrison seems to be suggesting that the strength of the many will help the will of one. In addition, Paul D. tries to help Sethe by bathing her (Morrison 260).In addition, he says to Sethe that they need some tomorrows because they have seen more yesterdays than anybody (Morrison 273). I also think that the multi-colored quilt that Paul D imagines on the bed represents the bright future that he wants to have with Sethe and Denver. However, at the end of the novel when Beloved is talked about (Morrison 275), that Morrison is illustrating that the memories or ghosts of a human’s past may never go away completely. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1987.

A Critical Analysis of R (Smith and West) v Parole Board Essay

A Critical Analysis of R (Smith and West) v Parole Board - Essay Example The discussion and analysis of such cases reveals much needed lessons that should be incorporated in the future cases to prevent the mistakes and misjudgments made during the cases under discussion. One such case is R (West and Smith) v Parole1. This paper purports to discuss and analyze this case in order to understand the effects of its implications on criminal and administrative law. Background: in 2005, the Parole Board recalled the released of two prisoners, West and Smith, on the grounds that they had not acted in accordance with their conditions, and had breached the grounds on which they had made parole, posing a risk to the safety of the society at large2. West was a short-term prisoner who had been recalled on the grounds that he had spent one night away from the designated location without notifying his supervisor, and had been allegedly drunk and involved in the breaking down of a door at a girl’s hostel ­3. Smith, a long-term prisoner, had been recalled on the p retext that he had proven incapable of fighting his habit of drug abuse on two occasions of his parole even after he had been given a written warning after the first incident4, and since he had been sentenced to prison due to a sexual crime5, his inability to live in accordance with his parole conditions were deemed as a safety risk to the society6. Analysis: The case under discussion presents a complex scenario in that it depends upon variables from the statutes of the common law and the Conventions of the Human Rights Act 19987 both directly and indirectly, and it is, at times, difficult to determine which of the clauses of the said statutes are applicable to the case. For this reason, the discussion and analysis of the case is subsequently divided into two parts; the first part deals with the application and relevance of the statutes of the common law, and the second part would deal with the articles of Convention as they apply to the case. Common Law: this subsection of the anal ysis would determine whether the pertinent case enjoys the benefit and protection afforded by the common law. The right to an oral hearing is a fundamental right provided by the common law when the Parole Board recalls prisoners released on probation under license due to any reason as deemed appropriate by the parole supervisor and the Parole Board8. The nature of the oral hearing is essentially an interview session, which might be informal in nature as this is considered sufficient9, with the option of presenting witnesses and new evidence in light of new facts or established facts the implications of which might have been changed due to influence of new developments in the case upon probation release of the prisoner10. The prisoner upon recall and once in custody is appraised of the right to file an appeal in order to challenge the Parole Board’s decision of recall11. This appeal is usually and mostly in the form of a written application directed to the Parole Board12. Howe ver, the prisoner has to be explicitly informed of his right to request an oral hearing if he feels that his case would be better presented by direct communication with the Board, or if he feels the need to present new evidence or witnesses13. Similarly, it is mandatory upon the Board to arrange an oral hearing if the need for such an arrangement is felt in light of any change in the established facts, or the implications of those facts due to a change in the circumstances of the prisoner upon his release; the need to present witnesses; or if the Board, due to any reason, feels that a fairer ruling would be only possible if the appellant was to engage in oral hearing14. It is generally considered that in many cases the mere use of a written appl

Macroeconomics in unemployment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomics in unemployment - Research Paper Example This paper is the best example of the thorough examination of such important macroeconomic factor as unemployment. People are considered to be unemployed when they are not actively doing productive work Unemployment rates are volatile and the other macroeconomic indicators play significant roles. Unemployment is a macroeconomic factor that is highly determined by other macroeconomic factors and its effects are widely felt across an economy. Several types of unemployment exist but four are majorly explored. The first one is seasonal unemployment that occurs due to differing needs of the hiring industries. Firms will hire employees during peak seasons when more production is required and retrench some of their employees during low seasons. The second type of unemployment is frictional employment and arises due to shifting of jobs by workers. It is also referred to as search unemployment because it normally takes time for an individual to secure a job after quitting one or after finishing their studies. Structural unemployment is another type and is caused by changes in technology and the structure of the economy. The fourth unemployment type is referred to as cyclical unemployment and results from changes in business environments It is important for an economy to maintain low rates of unemployment. The most important reason for this is economic consequences of unemployment such as the measure of the lost goods and services that the unemployed population could be contributing to the economy had they been employed. The scope of unemployment identifies wide initiatives such as governments’ monetary and fiscal policies to influence economic activities and other macroeconomic indicators towards sustainable employments rates. ... Low interest rates encourage borrowings for investments and private use. This further increases consumption and facilitates investment as firms are encouraged explore investment opportunities. This â€Å"redirect output towards its full –employment potential† (Stoup, Sobel, & Macpherson, 2009, p. 227). High interest rates from factors such as inflation or increased demand for financial services make investment expensive. The overall impact of the increased interest rates is therefore a contracted economy with lost employment opportunities towards higher unemployment rates (Stoup, Sobel, & Macpherson, 2009). There also exists a significant association between unemployment and an economy’s gross domestic product. The gross domestic product refers to the measure of all goods and services produced by an economy within a period, normally a year. Changes in the GDP will therefore reflect conditions of the labour market because the labour force generates realized produc tions. A fall in gross domestic product indicates a rise in the rate of unemployment, whether real or virtual. This occurs because if businesses resort to producing fewer goods and services, then some of the workers lose their jobs hence rise in unemployment. An increase in gross domestic product however associated with increased activity levels that further indicate lower unemployment rates (Mankiw, 2012). Unemployment also relates to consumer price index, a measure of the change in price of goods and services that are bought by individual consumers. The index also keeps track of changes in the cost of living. Low unemployment rates increase average economic potentials and this changes the consumer price

Financial Resourcs Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Resourcs Management - Essay Example It is therefore important to evaluate some of the risks and complications that arise as a result of operating in several countries when making capital financing decisions. Foreign exchange rates as a result of operations spanning several countries are a major risk for MNCs even when they are considering their capital structure and financing issues. A country with exchange rate controls means that the MNC will have difficulties with international capital low and the solution can only be the use of debt. The use of equity financing in such a country will affect the company’s ability to invest in other countries since there are limitations to the flow of capital from the country to another (Horcher, 2013). One of the major complications of financing MNCs related to the government or political environment is the taxation policies of the foreign country. Taxation has been viewed by various researchers as one of the major factors that influence the capital structure of an MNC. The debt to asset ratio of an MNC is positively related to the tax rate applicable in the host country and negatively related to that of the home country. This means that in case the corporate tax rate in a foreign country is high, a company will prefer to use debt financing in place of equity financing as a source of capital as it will reduce its tax liability and thus increased earnings (Huizinga, Laeven & Nicodame 2008). Legal issues may also bring about complications for MNCs such as the issue of repatriation of profits. If a country finances its operations using equity financing and the legal requirements in a country are that there are limitations to the repatriation of profits, this may affect the ability of the company to pay dividends to shareholders outside the country. Another issue is that using equity financing in a country that regulates operations in terms of employment of local people means that the MNC might

Why Death Penalty Should Be Abandoned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why Death Penalty Should Be Abandoned - Essay Example First, the death penalty puts innocent lives at risk. The above is so due to inadequate legal presentation in court. As a result even though not guiltily, some end up in death penalty thus losing their lives for mistakes not done. In the US, since 1976, about 138 innocent people have been saved from death row. Also, one the most frequent causes of reversals in capital punishment cases is ineffective assistance of counsel. For instance, a study at Columbia University showed that 68% of death penalty cases were reversed on appeal, due to inadequate defense. Accordingly, to execute an innocent person is morally reprehensible thus a risk that should not be taken. Also despite the fact that the U.S. Supreme Court has said that people with mental retardation should not be persecuted, research has shown that one percent of those executed in the US since 1977 are mentally ill. Many mentally ill defendants are unable to take part in their trials in an efficient way and appear un-engaged, cold , and unfeeling before the jury. Some are even forcefully medicated to make them competent to for execution (Haines,1999). Second, Racism and social class inequality also plays a role in the provision of the death penalty. Research has indicated that injustice is practiced on race and social class, as far as the death sentence provision is concerned.

Federal National Mortgage Association(FANNIE MAE) and Federal Home Essay

Federal National Mortgage Association(FANNIE MAE) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FREDDIE MAC) and the Housing Crisis - Essay Example It allowed for banks charging low mortgage interest rates to encourage anyone interested in buying a home. It led to the creating a secondary market for mortgages. In this market, companies like Fannie Mae borrowed money from foreign markets at minimal interest rates since they were financially supported by the US Government. This enabled Fannie Mae to give fixed rate mortgage that have a very low deposit to any home buyer. Fannie Mae monopolized the secondary market for the first thirty years after its inception. In 1968, the Vietnam War created great fiscal pressure. This led to Fannie Mae’s privatization and its removal from the national budget by President Johnson. This is when it started to operate as a Government Supported Enterprise, GSE. It made profits for its shareholders and at the same time enjoyed being exempted from tax and oversight, despite being backed by the government. To prevent any further monopoly, another Government Supported Enterprise was formed in 1970. It was known as Freddie Mac. These two companies currently command a 90 per cent of the national secondary mortgage market. GSEs have experienced great growth financially over the years. Their combined asset base is currently at 45 per cent more than those of the biggest bank in the country. However, their combined debt equals 46 per cent of the present national debts. This high growth as well as over-leveraging has caused concerns in the Congress, the SEC and the Justice Department regarding their financial practices. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae happen to be the only corporations in the Fortune 500 league that do dot abide by the requirement to furnish the public about any difficulties in finances they undergo. In case they collapse, the taxpayers will have to foot the multi-billion dollar outstanding debt. A recent probe into Freddie Mac by the SEC and the Justice Department discovered accounting errors to the tune

U.S. Education Today and Tomorrow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. Education Today and Tomorrow - Essay Example Market based education reforms such as charter schools are not going to aid in the improvement of education for students in the United States. Promises of de-regularized governance structures in schools have not achieved their stated objectives. Nationally, charter schools do not perform better than charter public schools. Additionally, implementation of these market-based school reforms, i.e. charter schools and school choice show a higher level of inequity in the academic achievements of the students. Market based education reforms are not going to affect the American education system in a satisfactory manner. The best policy for the improvement of public schools would be to invest directly in proven reforms that focus on the implementation of practices that can improve the school’s curriculum, rather than focusing on the business side of schools (Wraga, 2010). Another education trend that aims at effecting change in the U.S. education system is a high school reforms. Recent education reform in Idaho, known as Students Come First, adopted advanced academic standards for its students. This project involves giving the teachers tools that they require to engage today’s learners and individualize teaching. These reforms will have the effect of expanding digital learning for students so that they have access to educational opportunities wherever they reside. Via building connections with post-secondary education and career opportunities, the project aims at giving all high school students an opportunity of taking college entry exams, as well as college credits while still students in high school. It is expected that, by making the education curriculum in high schools more relevant and rigorous, the students, may actually elect to stay in school rather than dropping out, which cannot be achieved by the present strategy that

Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress Term Paper

Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress - Term Paper Example Solutions for each problem are also mentioned with short implementation strategies. Conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper. Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress Introduction Due to the rapid changes in the market and industry the levels of stress at workplace are increasing every day and the staff and workers are being pushed hard to meet the targets. Stress has now become part and parcel of the life of each and every individual regardless of the profession. Constantly changing deadlines, long working hours, assignments beyond the capacity of workers are a few issues that the employees have to deal with at workplace. In addition to these most of the time the employees and staff members do not get the expected recognition and encouragement from the authorities. Some of the employees do not get the required health care options and their firms do not offer any stress management programs. Some individuals despite working very hard do not get the opportunity to grow in the organization and achieve higher positions, this adds to the stress they are carrying. The working environment is another important factor in determining the levels of workplace stress in individuals and workplace harassment is a major cause of stress in some organizations. Conflicts between colleagues are very likely to occur in a stressed working environment resulting in more stress. ... Ethics in a society depends upon the feelings of the individuals that form the society. Therefore the workplace ethics of a particular company or firm depend upon the society, the workplace environment, the cultural aspects of the region of company’s existence or the region in which the company does business and also on the organizational structure and employees’ development in a company. The Ethical Issues The various issues that can be classified as ethical issues inherent with workplace stress are: 1. Lack of encouragement and recognition 2. Insufficient health care facilities and lack of stress management programs for the employees 3. Conflicts between colleagues over work distribution and allocation 4. Harassment at workplace 5. Immoral workplace practices These issues will be discussed in detail in the following pages. Lack of Encouragement and Recognition This is the most common cause of workplace stress. It is the moral as well as professional responsibility of the employer to encourage, recognize and reward his employees for their efforts. Recognition is very important and serves as the motivational force which increases the productivity and efficiency of employees and at the same time it makes them own the company. When the employees are recognized and rewarded for their efforts through promotions, salary increments and performance certificates, a sense of growth is felt by the employees. As a result they work more enthusiastically because they start deeming the progress of company as their own progress. On the other hand if employees are not recognized and rewarded for their efforts this greatly affects their performance because when an employee gets a

Automating computer usual processes Essay Example for Free

Automating computer usual processes Essay Nowadays, almost all kinds of establishments are relying on computers for automating their usual processes. Most of the manual systems in offices are replaced by the automated systems which use computer technology. Moreover, computers have also diminished the total manual works and the effectiveness of employees has also increased because of the dependence of establishments on computer technology. It helps also to perform the routine business tasks much quicker compared to the manual way of doing things. Computer nowadays is no longer considered a luxury but rather a necessity with the emergence of information technology 1 â€Å"We are in the so-called information age, and every transaction at every phase of the establishments depends on modern computing. † As observed, there are already many manual systems that are being replaced by the computerized ones. Some of these are the payroll, sales and monitoring, point of sale, enrollment, grading, library, and other related systems.. Integration with the people in the society is in demand for progress. The relation field of Information Technology concerns the use of computer-based information system to convert, process, protect, share, store, transmits and retrieve information. Technologies have brought us more advances on personal computer, to build new industries and change the lifestyle of each individual. These advances became more powerful and more productive for simultaneous growth in society and industries. Using Internet is one of the medium of today’s communication, people easily connect in the current events in their community and even outside their places and acquire necessary information in just a short period of time. 2As the saying goes, â€Å"Nothing is permanent than change† so as with Information Technology. This field will continue to prosper and continue to help change lives by improving it. Although most people, especially in the Philippines still prefer the old ways or manual transactions, the future Filipino generations will eventually embrace ch ange and not only that, but also be the one to provide change through the future students and graduates that will courageously take this field. Every bit of information is now considered as a powerful tool hence it should be used and managed with the utmost caution. This mere reason prompts many establishments to produce their own system  that will protect information. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was established to address the existing health condition in the Bicol region. It is a coordinating system involving various institutions in the region with interest in health research. The BCHRD was created upon the partnership with Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS), Regional Development Council (RDC) with the member institutions of : Department of Health (DOH) ,Bicol Regional and Training And Teaching Hospital(BRTTH), Commision on Higher Education (CHED) , Bicol University (BU), Catanduanes State University (CSU), University of Saint Anthony, Ago Medical and Educational Center (AMEC), Atedeo de Naga, University of Nueva Caseres, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Aquinas Univ ersity of Legazpi (AUl), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicol Medical Center, Partido State University (PSU) . Universidad de Santa Isabel. The existing health condition in the region necessities the establishment of a strong health research and development (RD) coordinating system involving various institution in the region with interest in health research. Putting them together to work on consortium arrangement will promote complementation, thereby increase the synergy despite limited resources for RD undertakings. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was therefore established to address the afore mentioned concerns. The primarily goal and objective of BCHRD is to institute/strengthen the system collaboration in Bicol to develop and enhance the capacity of research institution within the region which have interest and engage in health related researches, as a strategy to improve the health condition of Bicolanos Specifically the consortium aims to : (a) Undertake and/or spearhead health related Research and Development (RD) activities; (b) Establish a collaborative system for effective shari ng and utilization of physical, financial and manpower resources among member-institution as well encourage the active involvement of non-members that will fave the way for expanding the membership of consortium; (c) Promote an effective collaboration and harmonious working relationship between among member-institutions in the conduct of researches in health, nutrition related fields; (d) Encourage, generate and provide funds for health –related researches in accordance with the health and nutrition priority  areas/sectors indicated in the plans of the Regional Development Council (RDC) and the Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS); (e) Develop the capability in manpower, facilities and other infrastructure for health and nutrition and other related researches; (f) Effectively promote the proper utilization of health research findings; (g) Serve as clearing house for all health related researches; (h) Establish linkages/network within and outside the region ; and (i) Institute a mechanism and implement strategies for a sustained visibility of the consortium and ensure a long-term viability of the consortium. Monitoring system is not just used in the field of industry; it has also a very significant role in improving the quality of education in the country (Philippines). Once this technological approach is implemented a full assurance that the aimed quality of educational system will be able to reach its peak of being more organized and well improved system In terms of paper works, these two types of management system can easily manage the projects through having an Proposal monitoring system. Archiving system refers to the process of moving data through an automated storage device that helps the people to access the data easily. Before, an archival record was identified with manuscripts or with written records. Years passed by, archival record refers to recorded information, specifically in paper-based transforming it to automated form method. Implementing an archiving system of records can do task of organizing, monitoring and easy generation of reports. On the other hand, all the Research proposal that are pending, denied or approve must be monitored in order to ease the different operations and functions of organizations. In this study, monitoring system for the research proposal of the institution is the most needed to work to. This system updates the current status of the research project. In addition, monitoring system has a significant role in improving the quality of the implemented projects to be able to reach its goal. Because of its function, they are having problems in a certain field. They seem to have problems in the management of projects from time to time. In addition, the increasing burden of creating and maintaining the archive of projects. Their file storage is full of projects making it a burden when finding a needed project. This study aimed to create a system for the Bicol Consortium for  Health Research and Development. It covered the storing and updating of projects that are processed in the department and al so uploading projects in the system that can be retrieved easily. Statement of objective General Objectives This study aims to develop a research proposal and monitoring management system for the Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. Specific Objectives 1.) To create a system that will facilitate research proposal and monitor status for approval. 2.) To develop a monitoring system for all ongoing researches. 3.) To record all pending, approved and rejected proposals, and ongoing and completed research of the health proponent/researcher. 4.) To create a secure system for monitoring of research proposals and projects. 5.) To generate reports on the status of research projects and proposals. Scope of the System Check the requirements for filing a proposal Keep track of the status of the proposal Keep track of the research’s accomplishments and budgets Monitor progress of ongoing research Scope and Delimitation This study is about Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. This will cover the checking of requirements the tracking and monitoring of the proposal. It has the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. The system records the detailed planning, proposed, on-going and finished projects in the department. Old  files were also scanned and be saved as pdf. The secretary, regional administrator, institution head and all the member of the health research were given privileged to view the system. The employees may ask the administrator of each section if they need files that were in the system. The head administrator provides admin accounts for each section head. The proposal monitoring management system has different sections for the storage of projects (proposed, on-going and finished projects) and it provided easy access to the projects’ status and tracks the finished projects that are archived. Old and new files are archived in this system. The date could only be searched, retrieved and printed. The archive could be searched by date, name etc. As for the proposal monitoring management system, it provided an automated monitoring and checking the status of ongoing research development. It has additional features, like the user is notified for the reminders of the agency; and the system is secured by providing administrator restrictions. On the other hand, the proposed system would not include other health researcher that are not member of the institutions that are part of BCHRD. The study only focused on the automation of storage of all projects that would be made and were done, monitoring its status among various sections of PDMO and provide an automated maintenance plan in monitoring, checking and repairing of items. Significance of the Study The result of the study will benefit the following: Bicol University. College of Science One of the four-fold functions of a university or any academic institution is research. This study will be another contribution to the research achievements of the university. BCHRD (Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development).This lessened the manual labor of the agency through the use of the system which operates the research projects and monitoring plans for BCHRD. Employee. The system helped the employee to do their job efficiently, properly and effectively. Students This study will serve as an educational  and reference material for their future studies and undertakings. This may also give an idea on making their own versions of the existing software, thus presenting their own modifications. Researchers. This study which is connected to the Research Proposal Monitoring and Management System will improved the researchers’ knowledge in programming skills and their sense of responsibility. Future Researchers. Students who will undertake future research projects can use this study as reference material. This will provide the future researches sufficient information with regards to system development. Definition of Terms For better understanding of the study, the following terms were defined operationally or concepltually: Research Proposal an study that request time and fund from instition Monitoring Management System the process of checking the updates and status of ongoing health research Proponent in this study the proponent is the person who is requsting or conducting health researh Storage. , this term refers to the method of storing finished and proposed projects for future use. Secure System in this study this term refers to a system that cannot be easily tamper the information that is stored. EDIT OR E-REVISE NIO Notes 1 The Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, USA: Grolier Incorporated, 1995 (accessed on May 19, 2014 9:05am) 2http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/information-technology-and-software-development/9788131760291/information-technology-basics/ch008006 (Accessed on: May 20, 2014 2:18PM) â€Å"What is Information Technology?†.

Reading in the English Literary Heritage-response to Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Reading in the English Literary Heritage-response to Shakespeare Essay Write an essay, which focuses on the character of Lady Macbeth as presented in act five, scene one and the scenes leading up to the murder of King Duncan. In act five, scene one the audience sees one of the many facets of Lady Macbeths complex character as she is seen to be sleepwalking, while being carefully observed by her waiting gentlewoman and a doctor of physic. Her gentlewoman introduces this deranged behaviour, when she says, Lo you, here she comes. This is her guise and, upon my life, fast asleep. There are many possibilities to be explored that could be found to be the impetus bringing Lady Macbeth to sleepwalk. The first being that in Shakespeares time a person found to be sleepwalking meant that evil spirits and demons possessed them. Lady Macbeth played a forceful role in the scheming, leading up to the murder of Duncan and was heavily involved in the event itself. In act two, scene two; exasperated with Macbeth, Lady Macbeth takes the daggers to smear Duncans blood on his servants faces. The sight of Duncans blood has had a profound effect on her and in act five, scene one this becomes apparent when she says in her sleep, Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him. In saying this line she is remembering and reflecting on the moment of when she placed the bloody daggers next to the guards. She is thinking about how much Duncan bled. The image of Duncans blood on the daggers and on her hands has stuck in her mind and is plaguing her thoughts, so much so that she is desperate to be cleansed. The crime is lying very heavily on her conscience and her heart and she longs to be cleansed of the blood, which is symbolic of her guilt at the deeds she has committed. While in a frantic, frenzy she says, Out damned spot! Out, I say! Whilst delivering this line, Lady Macbeth excessively rubs her hands in a washing motion. Although this is not a stage direction in the play, it is implied by the gentlewomans line, It is an accustomed action with her, to seem thus washing her hands. This action of Lady Macbeth suggests that her conscience and imagination are deceiving her causing her to have an illusive image of her hands covered in blood. She is trying to erase herself of the guilt she now feels at murdering Duncan. Although in Act two, scene two Lady Macbeth, says to Macbeth, A little water clears us of this deed. By this she means that with water the blood will wash off and they can forget that the murder ever happened. However, in act five, scene one she is distressed because she cant get rid of the vision of blood and the feeling of guilt. She says, What, will these hands neer be clean? This rhetorical question is almost a statement from Lady Macbeth in a state of desperation questioning whether she will ever be able to be rid of the guilt at what she has done. All throughout this scene Lady Macbeth is in a state of mental turmoil and most of her deepest, most private thoughts and feelings are revealed. Subtly this illustrates how men and women in Shakespeares time had vastly different roles. Lady Macbeth has no one to talk to with a head full of anxieties, regrets and confusion. She is isolated and alone. Her thoughts about the murder and how distant Macbeth has become are driving her mad, which is manifested by her sleepwalking. Whereas Macbeths fears are displayed in act three, scene four at a banquet, when Macbeth is unnerved at his minds illusion of Banquos ghost. These feelings of Macbeth are shown at an extremely public event, a banquet surrounded by all his lords and important men in society. However Lady Macbeths fears are revealed in the private setting of her bedroom. She has to be much more conservative than Macbeth as it is her role to be publicly stable. Macbeth is permitted to expose his true sentiments, because he is king and furthermore because he is a man. In the time before the murder, Lady Macbeth loved life and she and Macbeth had the perfect partnership. They saw each other as equals and were both ambitious and secure in their relationship and their position in society, although Lady Macbeth was continuously striving for more. Despite all this, after the murder they have drifted apart. They no longer control things together and the emotional distance between them means Lady Macbeth fears what her tyrant husband will do next because she feels she no longer knows him as she once did. Evidence of this can be found in the fragmented language she uses when sleepwalking, that echoes her own and Macbeths words about past murders: Duncan, Lady Macduff and Banquo. Her tortured imagination peregrinates over past conversations she has had with Macbeth. At first she ponders on the murder of Duncan, One, two. Why then tis time to dot. Which is referring to what Macbeth says to her in act two scene two, just before he goes to carry out the murder, I go and it is done. The bell invites me. Then she turns her attentions to the murder of Lady Macduff and her children, she says, The thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now? Following this she relives what she says to Macbeth at the banquet in reassurance to convince him that he cant see Banquo. Banquos buried; he cannot come out ons grave. However, Lady Macbeth continuously goes back to the murder of Duncan, which implies that compared to the other murders she was most affected by it. This is because she was heavily involved so it was when her state of mind and all the different aspects of her life changed suddenly and dramatically. Repeatedly Lady Macbeth restates lines that she said to Macbeth in a desperate attempt to re-establish the connection that she and Macbeth once had. As Macbeth no longer seems to exist for her, she has become extremely isolated and in saying lines such as, Come, come, give me your hand. She is yearning for the security of her own marriage. While sleepwalking, Lady Macbeth carries with her a candle. As suggested in her gentlewomans line, She has light by her continually, tis her command. Lady Macbeth is frightened of darkness and always needs the security of light around her. This may be because Duncans murder was committed at night in darkness and she is frightened of his ghost or of being murdered herself in darkness. However it is a strong contrast to the start of the play, Act 1 Scene 5 where she pleads for darkness, so she and Macbeth can murder Duncan. Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it make. It is also a contrast of the personality and state of mind of Lady Macbeth; at the beginning of the play she is a strong, confident, motivated and ambitious woman and the driving force behind Macbeth. However as the play develops she becomes less assertive, and more unsettled. Lady Macbeth thought that once the murder of Duncan was accomplished and completed, it would be finished and she and Macbeth would become successful rulers of Scotland. She reflects on this thought in act five, scene one, by saying, Who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Nevertheless only one part of this dream of the future has come to life and that is that she and Macbeth are rulers of Scotland. Duncans murder was far from the end of that series of events for Lady Macbeth; instead it has provoked lots and changed everything. The sleepwalking portrays this and shows that she is unsettled, maybe because of her unfulfilled dreams. The audience is shown another feature of Lady Macbeths character in act five, scene one. Her sentiments are expressed with a simplistic use of language, with the use of prose as opposed to verse. For example, Heres the smell of blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O. This uncovers what Lady Macbeth is truly feeling in her heart and head. Her human emotions are also demonstrated about her regret at the amount of bloodshed, and the audience sees her as not just a manipulator but as scared, vulnerable and confused woman. Her gentlewoman says in sympathy for her, I would not have such as heart in my bosom for the dignity of the whole body. The presence of the doctor and the waiting gentlewoman add to the effectiveness of this scene by the way they react to what Lady Macbeth is doing and saying. When the doctor realises what Lady Macbeth is reliving and saying about the murders he is unsure, horrified and cant make sense of it. Whereas the waiting gentlewoman already knew about the murders from Lady Macbeths sleepwalking in the past and she knows she could be in serious trouble if the doctor tells anyone what he has discovered. She says to the doctor, Neither to you, nor anyone, having no witness to confirm my speech. However the doctor and the waiting gentlewoman are both innocent onlookers on the situation and have mixed emotions. Whereas they are both horrified at what they hear, they cant make sense of it and feel pity for Lady Macbeth and how troubled she is. The doctor says, My mind she has mated and amazed my sight. And, The heart is sorely charged. This all adds to the effectiveness of the scene because it shows a normal persons reaction to what has happened to Lady Macbeth, which also shows a contrast to the audience between her uneasy and almost insane character and that of a sane, rational person. This enhances Lady Macbeths character for the audience. Further more when the doctor says, This disease is beyond my practice. More needs she the divine than the physician. There is a feeling of sadness and sympathy from him. This provokes the same feelings from the audience. In the first half of the play the audience saw Lady Macbeth as a strong, female character, (relative to Shakespeares times) and now they see that she has a tyrant of a husband, who has no conscience and she is bearing all the guilt of their actions for both of them. I believe that Shakespeare wanted to affect the audience in this scene and make them have some sympathy for Lady Macbeth. The dramatic function of the presence of the doctor and waiting gentlewoman in this scene is to narrate to the audience the scenes events and explain to them what is happening. The doctor gives detailed descriptions of what is happening, for example, Look how she rubs her hands. It is then the waiting gentlewoman who commentates further and emphasizes the events, and also adding some further information, beyond the scene, such as, It is an accustomed action with her, to seem thus washing her hands; I have known her continue in this a quarter of an hour. This gives the audience additional information about the events, which increases the effect of the scene because it is delving into the reasons of Lady Macbeths increasing uneasiness. One could consider that Shakespeares dramatic purpose of placing this scene at this point in the play is to show the transformation and variation in Lady Macbeths character. Prior to this scene in the play the audience sees Lady Macbeth as a strong, ambitious, female. Throughout act five, scene one Shakespeare reminds the audience of the past events leading up to the murder of Duncan and how Lady Macbeth has come to be so disrupted, unsettled and disturbed. The scene summarizes previous events, while also depicting Lady Macbeths state of mind to the audience and showing the transformation of her character. Act five, scene ones dramatic purpose is to be in a position to be able to be a conclusive scene of the beginning of the plays events, before moving on to the downfall of Macbeth. The opening scene of the play grabs the audiences attention as three witches appear on stage. The witches would have scared an audience in Shakespeares times because they was a strong belief in superstition but nowadays it takes a lot more to scare an audience. In act one, scene one; briefly the witches arrange a meeting with Macbeth on a heath. When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain? To which the reply is, Upon the heath. There to meet with Macbeth. In act one, scene two Macbeth is instantly introduced as a heroic, strong character by the Captain of a battle, in which Macbeth defeats the rebel enemy Macdonald, personally killing him against the odds. For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name-disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel, which smoked with bloody execution. Reflecting on this King Duncan sentences a traitor, the Thane of Cawdor and awards this title to Macbeth. No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive. Go pronounce his present death and with his former title greet Macbeth. What he hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won. The witches are re-introduced to the audience in act one, scene three, this time on the heath in foul weather, which serves to increase the dramatic effect. They are waiting for Macbeth to come. The witches are evil women, who plan to use their power. As they wait for Macbeth they plot to torment a sea captain whose wife has tormented them, by describing terrible things, which makes the start of the scene quite violently disturbing, with a threatening atmosphere. Macbeths arrival is signalled by a drum, A drum, a drum; Macbeth doth come. Says the third witch. As Macbeth enters for the first time in the play, with fellow warrior Banquo, his initial words are, So foul and fair a day I have not seen. Immediately this establishes a connection between Macbeth and the witches, as their lines in the opening scene were, Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Also the witches are called the weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters, and in Anglo-Saxon mythology, weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters were the goddesses of destiny who predicted the future. When Macbeth and Banquo enter they are puzzled as to what these beings are with such a revolting appearance, Banquo describes them, So withered and so wild in their attire, that look not like thinhabitants othearth. Each at once her choppy finger laying upon her skinny lips; you should be women and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so. What happens next is very significant for the rest of the play. The witches prophecy about Macbeth and his future and then at his request, Banquo, All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis. Thane of Cawdor. That shalt be king hereafter. They predict that Macbeth will have these titles and that Banquos descendants will be kings, but he himself will not. Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none. Then refusing to answer Macbeths questions the witches vanish in front of Macbeth and Banquo, leaving them shocked, bewildered and discombobulated. The witches come to Macbeth at exactly the right moment and place to shock him. He is fresh from the killings at the battle and his raw ambition is hungry for greater things. The witches introduce these things to him by speaking his innermost thoughts and tempting him with his own aspirations and predilections. Macbeth and Banquo are both left to reflect on what the witches have just said to them and to try to make some sense of it when Ross enters, telling Macbeth of his new title, Thane of Cawdor, He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor: In which addition, hail most worthy thane, for it is thine. This shocks Macbeth, as he says, almost accusingly, Why do you dress me in borrowed robes? Then, later in the scene three, Macbeth exposes his initial thoughts in an aside to the audience about the witches prophecy and how there moral implications have affected him. Macbeths mind is in turmoil, as he battles with his conscience and his desires over how he should behave in response to the witches prophecy. He is disturbed and horrified at the thought of killing Duncan, as they have great respect for each other, but he desperately wants to become king, that is his deepest ambition and desire, Why do I yield to that suggestion, whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs against the use of nature? However he resolves with himself to accept the future and the changes it will bring, If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me without my stir. Whereas Banquo uses the imagery of clothes to elucidate Macbeths, rapt. He says, New honours come upon him like our strange garments, cleave no to their mould, but with the aid of use. During act one, scene four, Duncan reveals and announces that his own son, Malcolm is to be heir to the throne. This irritates and appalls Macbeth; if Duncan had not named Malcolm as his heir, the thanes would have elected the next king after Duncans death, and as Macbeth is a honoured warrior, there was a possibility he would have been elected. The audience sees another facet to Macbeths character when in an aside he says about his annoyance, That is a step on which I must fall down, or else oerleap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires, let not see my black and deep desires, the eye wink at the hand. These lines really seal Macbeths evil intentions and it is maybe what makes him decide, definitely that he will be king, whatever the consequences are for others and him. When the audience first sees Lady Macbeth in act one, scene five, she is reading Macbeths letter in which his meeting with the witches is described to her, They met me in the day of success, and I have learned by the perfectest report they have more in them than mortal knowledge. In reading the letter further, Lady Macbeth learns of the witches prophecy and that the first, that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor has been fulfilled almost right away. Previously Macbeth has demonstrated his disgust at the thought of the murder of Duncan and the consequence and repercussions it would have. After reading the letter Lady Macbeth reinforces these emotions and thoughts by saying in her first soliloquy, Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promised. Lady Macbeth knows her husband is ambitious and passionate about his dreams of kingship, but she also knows and feels that he is too fair and conscientious about what is wrong and what is right. She says, I do fear thy nature it is too full othmilk of human kindness to catch the nearest way. We know Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are great partners, who share everything, and know each other inside- out, and this is confirmed in Macbeths letter when he refers to her as, My dearest partner of greatness. However, taking this into account Lady Macbeth realises that to become queen of Scotland and to realise her own and Macbeths dreams she will have do or sacrifice anything to get this. She says, What thou wouldst highly, that wouldst holily; wouldst not play false, and yet wouldst wrongly win. Saying this it appears as though Lady Macbeths naked ambition is almost stronger than her husbands. She seems to disregard morals in order to get what she wants and has unbelievably strong willpower and determination. Once she has decided Macbeth will be king, then she starts to introduce supernatural forces and the idea of inviting in evil spirits to help her succeed. That I may pour my spirits in thine ear and chastise with the valour of my tongue. It is when Lady Macbeth is told of Duncans plans to visit the castle that her ambition and wickedness bloom and become very apparent. She knows that this is her chance to seize the moment and facilitate Macbeths future role as king of Scotland. In her second soliloquy she summons up her evil spirits in the form of magic to assist her with her murderous plans for Duncan. She refers to a raven, which is a bird, seen as an evil omen and then she says, Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe top full of direst cruelty; make thick my blood, stop up thaccess and passage to remorse. In saying this, it is clear that she no longer just wants to be an ambitious and dominant woman, her desire is to become evil personified, pitiless and with no sense of morals. She says, Come to my womans breasts and take my milk for gall, you murdring ministers. She is saying that she wants her breasts to be full of poison, rather than the milk of human kindness. Which is what she described Macbeth as having. Lady Macbeth closes her speech with triumph, summoning night, death and hell. She pleads for a disguise for the crime that she and Macbeth will commit. Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes, nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark. Lady Macbeth almost seems to have changed from an ambitious, forceful woman into an evil woman, harbouring evil spirits and thoughts. However in reality she is still a mortal woman, whose actions will cause her to suffer great consequence and remorse. As Macbeth enters, Lady Macbeth greeting echoes that of the witches. Great Glamis, worthy Cawdor, Greater than both by the all-hail hereafter. This suggests that she now has formed a connection with the dark side and that evil spirits really are deeply entwined in her thoughts and actions. The instant she starts a conversation with Macbeth, she makes it clear what is going to happen to Duncan that night, O never shall sun that morrow see. She is implying in her words that after that night Duncan will never see sunlight again, because he will be dead. Lady Macbeth instructs Macbeth to, Look like thinnocent flower, but be the serpent undert. She makes an analogy, in which she compares Macbeth to be a serpent, which is biblically an evil creature. Then she takes control of the situation and Macbeth with a strong sense of purpose and character that is ruthless, To alter favour ever is to fear. Leave all the rest to me. When Duncan arrives at the castle in scene six Lady Macbeth confidently leads him inside and to his death with a sense of triumph. Your servants ever have theirs, themselves, and what is theirs in count to make audit at your highness pleasure, still to return to your own. However during this time, leading up to the murder Lady Macbeth continuously has to reinforce her plans, courage and strong will onto Macbeth, who shows reluctance in accepting it. At the start of scene seven, Macbeth is seen to be agonising relentlessly with his conscience over killing Duncan and the consequences it will incur. He wrestles with his conscience, saying, If it were done when tis done, then twere well it were done quickly. Then he has a change of heart saying, Hes here in double trust: First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then as his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself. This private reasoning continues until, finally Lady Macbeth appears and puts a stop to it. At first Macbeth refuses to do the murder, saying, We will proceed no further in this business. However his efforts are wasted on her as she turns angrily on him and we see her become a manipulating, strong willed woman again. Immediately she turns things around on Macbeth and simply points out that he implied that the murder was the only thing to do. Was the hoe drunk? Hath it slept since? And wakes it now to look so green and pale at what it did so freely? From this time, such I account thy love. She also says that if he is taking back all the things he said, she will assume that that is true about how strongly he loves her. This would hurt Macbeth and also come as quite a surprise as they have such an intense and loving relationship. Then more effectively she torments Macbeth about his masculinity by calling him a coward. Live a coward in thine own esteem. She knows Macbeth well enough to know that will upset him because he is publicly known as a heroic warrior, however it doesnt get the reaction she wants as he points out to her that he is merely a man. I dare do all that may become a man; who dares do more is none. Furthermore Lady Macbeth makes the ultimate taunt to persuade her husband to kill Duncan by saying she would kill their child. I have given suck and know how tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you have done this. In saying this Lady Macbeth is playing her womanliness against Macbeths manliness by saying she would make the ultimate sacrifice to keep the promise he has made. She makes the point that she once was a mother, and she could remember the overwhelming love she felt for her child, but she would have given it all up to make Macbeth king. Lady Macbeth is also clever in realising she needs to use violent, disturbing, grotesque imagery for Macbeth as a shock tactic to convince him to murder Duncan, as this night is their perfect opportunity. At this point Macbeth offers no resistance to his wifes strength and force over him, as he knows he will not overcome her determination and extreme assertiveness, Bring forth men-children only, for thy undaunted mettle should compose nothing but males. He only questions what should happen if they were to fail, which she replies in an extremely optimistic, self assured and almost over confident manner, Who dares receive it other, as we shall make our griefs and clamour roar upon his death! The plan for the murder is organised and in act one, scene seven Macbeth leaves to complete it saying, almost wearily and sadly, I go and it is done. The bell invites me. Hear it not, Duncan, for it is knell that summons thee to heaven or hell. In act two, scene two, exhilarated by alcohol and anticipation Lady Macbeth awaits her husband to confirm that the murder is done. That which hath made them drunk, hath made me bold; what hath quenched them, hath given me fire. She has drugged Duncans bodyguards, but is afraid that Macbeth may have been too cowardly to carry out the murder. I have drugged their possets, that death and nature do contend about them, whether they live, or die. It is then, when Lady Macbeth reveals her single weakness up until this point, which is why she couldnt or wouldnt murder Duncan herself, Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. This is another facet of her character shown, as we start to see her humane side exposed and vulnerable. Following this Macbeth returns to Lady Macbeth to say he has completed the murder in a terrible state of remorse and fear of what will punish him of the crime he has just committed. Wherefore I could not pronounce Amen? I had most need of blessing, and Amen stuck in my throat. He is obsessively panicky because he cannot say Amen. It is then, that Lady Macbeth regains control of the situation and transforms into an iron willed woman again in order to hold Macbeth together. She says to him in an ironic and impatient manner, dismissing his hallucinations of a voice crying he had murdered sleep, These deeds must not be thought after these ways; so, it will make us mad. It is then when she sees that Macbeth has brought the bloody daggers back from the scene of the murder that she implicates herself and gets further involved with the murder; Macbeth refuses to return the daggers so she says, Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead are but as pictures; tis the eye of childhood that fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, Ill gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt. From this point onwards Lady Macbeth and Macbeths relationship starts to change as they drift apart emotionally and physically. Their personas are dramatically reversed as Lady Macbeth who was once an iron willed, passionate, ambitious woman becomes extremely deranged and depressed. Her character develops and changes throughout the play as she is transformed from an ambitious, powerful woman to someone is full of regret and with a heart full of foreboding, which lies very heavily on her conscience. Paradoxically, Macbeths characteristics, his strong sense of morals and fairplay and a clear conscience are replaced with a tyrant personality and where little or no remorse at the taking of other peoples lives.

The Self Esteem Problems Health And Social Care Essay

The Self Esteem Problems Health And Social Care Essay INTRODUCTION Self esteem is all about how much we feel valued, loved, accepted and thought well of by others and how much we value, love and accept ourselves. People with healthy self-esteem are able to feel good about them, appreciate their own worth and take pride in their abilities, skills and accomplishments. People with low self- esteem may feel as if no one will like them or accept them or that they cant do well in anything People with high self esteem tend to be ambitious in what they want to experience in Life, they have a drive to express them and to communicate openly and honestly about their needs and desires. People with low self esteem rarely live their life to the full, they distance themselves from others, denied their love and support, and uncomfortable with success, some of them even take alcohol and drugs. We all experience problems with self esteem at certain times in our lives-especially during our teens figuring out, where we fit in the world. The level of self esteem determines how we operate in life -how we interact with others such as spouse, children, friends, and strangers .It determines our achievements, and our satisfaction and happiness. Self esteem has long been believed to play an important role in the use of alcohol; People with alcohol problems often have low self esteem. They judge themselves negatively-not just for their addiction, but also for other parts of their behavior or their personality. Most of the individuals who are addicted to drugs and alcohol are not happy with their lives and live a life of despair and hopelessness, the major symptom is poor self esteem. Poor self esteem is at the heart of an individuals addiction and dependency and there is an inverse relationship between alcohol dependency and self esteem, that if a persons self esteem improves the individuals addictive behavior. 1.1. Need For The Study: Low self esteem is one of the causative factor that vast majority of alcohol addicts share in common, low self esteem is challenging in four areas. First they feel that they lack personal power, secondly many with low self esteem feel lacking the affection and attention of others, thirdly low self esteem results when people feel that they lack virtue, often feel unloved, unappreciated and lastly those possessing low self esteem hold themselves as incompetent in one or more areas. Several researchers have argued that self esteem poses high risk for alcohol abuse in some populations, including adolescents, college students, and females (Donnelly, 2000). Another area of life that Alcoholics with low Self-Esteem often struggle with their occupation. Perhaps they may lack education, information, skill sets, or the belief in their ability to obtain a worthwhile job and so they self-sabotage and then get to the right about the fact that no one wants to hire them. Seeking continuous education is hopeless to those who have such low self-esteem since they see themselves as incapable of excelling in the process of studying, taking exams, and achieving success in all the systems. Low self- esteem can also manifest as a result of ones inability to generate wealth, they see themselves struggling to survive in a world marked by competition, often struggle with their occupation. Those with low self esteem often resort to addictive behaviors in an effort to numb out the pain and escape to a world that allows them a temporary release from their sufferings and problems 1.2. Statement of the Problem: Promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic dependants 1.3. Objectives: 1.3.1 Assessment the self esteem level among alcoholics 1.3.2 Association of self esteem and Alcoholism 1.3.2 Assessment of the effectiveness of self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem among alcoholics. 1.4. Assumptions: 1.4.1. Self esteem level may be low among alcoholic dependants. 1.4.2. Practice of self esteem activities may improve the self esteem level among alcoholic dependants 1.5. Operational Definitions: 1.5.1. PROMOTION- refers to the improvement in level of self esteem among Alcoholic dependants. 1.5.2. SELF ESTEEM- perceived self concept of an alcoholic individual 1.5.3. ALCOHOLICS- a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking. 1.6. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities Among Alcoholics Dependants: Conceptualization is the process of specifying what we mean when we use particular terms (Giemman) The conceptual framework is derived from Penders health promotion Model. In this study Individual characteristics and experience by physical, social psychological and occupational problems may change the level of self-esteem of the Alcoholic patients. Self-Esteem activities are promoted based on the patients problems may bring change in the level of self-esteem. It includes perceived benefit of Self-Esteem activities like Individual and Group activities. PENDERS HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism: A study conducted on self esteem and Alcohol use on 61 Alcoholic dependants who were admitted in a rural Midwestern medical centre. An individuals reactions to his or her social environment are mediated by a sense of self esteem, low levels of self esteem are develop during Socialization. Results suggest that specific form of social support is important to recovering alcoholic dependants (Steffennhagen and Burns, 2006). A Pearson correlation was calculated examining the relationship between the amounts of alcohol consumed in the past 30 days and self esteem. A low to moderate correlation was found (r (23) =.250, p>.05). (Jeremy W.Lawing, 2006). A Study conducted on drinking problems and self-Esteem of college students,148 lower division college students were given the following paper and pencil tests: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the Personal Self section of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. College Students are having low self Esteem (F = 4.23, p = .04). Tabulation of the incidence of heavy drinking (31%).Result shows an drinking behavior of college students are having low self esteem(()swego,2005). A study was conducted on the effects of self esteem on substance abuse among homeless men. This experimental study involving 305 samples of homeless men was assigned randomly to the treatment group and Control group. Control group was referred to community based services, experimental subjects were exposed to individual therapy, group interventions, life skills and relapse prevention training residing in a 24 Hour shelter for three months. Results indicated that self-esteem was increased in experimental group than in control group (Brandon, 2004). A descriptive study was conducted on self-esteem and alcohol dependants. Study comprises of two groups such as alcoholic dependants as one group and non-alcoholics in another group. Study shown that alcoholic dependants have lowered self esteem compared to non alcoholics self esteem (Donnelly, 2003) A study was conducted to compare the level of self esteem among 30 alcoholics and 30 non alcoholic persons. They are assessed for self esteem using self esteem scale. The results showed that alcoholics had low self esteem when compared to non alcoholics(P A study conducted to identify the relationship between alcohol consumption and self esteem. Study comprises of 26 Samples (Employees of local retail store), their self esteem was assessed by using Rosenbergs self esteem scale. Results showed that alcohol consumption is strongly related to self esteem (T.F.Heatherson,2000). A Study conducted on how self esteem influences alcohol consumption Study comprises of 61 samples. Over the course of two weekends self esteem was measured using Rosenbergs self esteem scale. Study showed the results that self esteem is negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In a study on adolescents drinking behavior, adolescents with high self esteem reported consuming less alcohol than adolescents with low self esteem. (Gerrerd, Russell, 2000 A cross-sectional survey design investigated the relationship of substance use and self esteem. Self -esteem was assessed using Hare Self-esteem Scale. Four hundred and eleven samples were completed the survey. Results revealed that there is a direct relationship between alcohol use and self-esteem (F=12.8,df=2,343,p,.00001).Regardless recent alcohol abusers had the lowest self-esteem scores and never users had the highest scores(F.X.Gibbons,2000). A study says that low self-esteem is the universal common denominator among all people suffering from addictions. Low self-esteem is the true disease and it is the underlying origin of all problematic behaviors that plagues the world (Candito, 1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and Alcohol Use Disorders in Early Adulthood. The relation among Self-esteem and Alcohol use disorder diagnoses was examined in a sample of 240 men evaluated at four annual assessments over the college years. The results support clinical observations that low self esteem plays a particularly important it eological role in alcohol problems in men (Fromme.K, 1989). A number of studies have indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, (Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1984). 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism A Study conducted on how group activity has an impact on self esteem among alcoholics. Study comprises 40 samples, 20 patients undergone group activities for 12 weeks in an inpatient setting and 20 patients as control groups. Patients in the intervention group showed significant enhancement in self esteem, social skills and self confidence where as there is no changes observed in control group (John Wiley, 2009) A Study was conducted how utilization of self esteem programs (Holistic Addiction Treatment Programme) plays an important role in Relapse prevention. Study comprises of 145 samples. Results show that 70 to 90 percentages, self esteem programs are effective in Relapse prevention and over all well-being to the treatment of recovering alcoholics (Harry Henshaw, 2007). A Study conducted on self esteem activities among Alcoholic patients. Study comprises of 43 samples, volunteers in the group undergone self esteem activities along with drug treatment, the other group only underwent drug treatment. Pretest-posttest comparison on a variety of physiological parameters indicated that significant improvements had occurred in psychological wellbeing including self esteem, self awareness, lifestyle adaptation and relapse prevention skills. Results suggest that promotion of self esteem activities improves self esteem among alcoholic dependants (Michael Peterson, Bryan johnstone, 2003) A study conducted on self-esteem and alcoholism among high school students total sample was 140(55males and 85 females) high school students. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (Moberg, 1983) which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1961). Study has showed that indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink (Butler, 1980; Young, Werch, Brakeman 1989) CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Designing a research involves the development of plan or strategy that will guide the collection and analysis of data. The present study is designed to promote the Self-esteem among Alcoholic Patients. The methodology of the study constitutes research design, setting, population and sampling criteria for the selection of samples and tool for data collection. 3.1. One Group Pre Test Post Test Design: 3.2. Setting: This study was conducted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore. The De-Addiction centre consists of 25 bedded 3.3. Population: The overall population for the study was alcoholic patients who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi DE-Addiction Centre from 28.06.2010 to 25.07.2010. 3.4 Sample size And Sampling Technique: Purposive sampling Technique was used to select samples who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre during the period of study.30 patients were selected as samples during the study. 3.5. Criteria for Selection of the Sample: Inclusion Criteria: Patients who were admitted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre Alcoholic patients with Low self esteem Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are not willing to participate in the study. Alcoholic dependants associated with Psychotic symptoms. 3.5. Instruments and Tool for Data Collection: The tool was prepared based on review of literature and guidance of experts from the field of Psychiatry. Section I: This section includes demographic variables like age, education, family Income, occupation, marital status, marital disharmony, Type of Family Duration of Alcohol intake Consumption of alcohol, physical and psychological problems. Section II: This section consists of modified Rutgerss Alcohol Problem Index scale. It is a useful tool to assess the problem index among alcoholic patients. It consists of 15 questions. Section III: This section has an index to measure persons self-esteem. It consists of 20 statements to assess the level of self-esteem of alcoholic dependants. Score Interpretation: Self -Esteem Assessment Scale consists of 20 statements of assessment of patients level of self esteem. The total score is 60, patient who scores the item 3 and more than 46 is having low self-esteem. Section IV: This section consists of intervention for Low self -Esteem such as Individual activities and Group activities. Individual Activities: Promoting individually performing activities. The patients are encouraged to do individual activities such as Art writing and Reading Newspapers. Group Activities: Group activities is two or more individuals unite together to promote an same activity. Patients are encouraged to do psychodrama (Group was given a theme, group members act out based on the theme) and Outdoor games (Tenniequots) 3.6. Variables of the study: Independent variable: Self-esteem activities. Dependant variable: Alcoholic dependants. 3.7. Techniques for Data Analysis and Interpretation: The tables were formulated for base line information such as age, education, occupation, type of family, marital disharmony, income per month, amount of alcohol intake, duration of alcohol intake, physical and psychological symptoms. Paired test was used to analyze the significant difference in the level of self-esteem before and after promoting self esteem activities. 3.7.1. Pairedttest: The test was used to point out the effect of promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic patients. t=d SD/ n SD= (d-d) Here d=Mean difference between pretest and posttest score. SD=Standard Deviation of the Pre test and post test Sore n=Number of Samples. Pilot study report Pilot study was conducted for a period of 2 weeks, from 28th May 2010 to 11th May 2010, to test the practicability of the tool and feasibility of conducting the main study. Study was conducted in Psychiatric ward of P S G Hospital. For pilot study 5 samples were selected. Data were collected by interview method. Through the pilot study it was proved that self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem. The researcher would like to continue the study to promote self esteem among alcoholic dependants. Changes brought after pilot study During the pilot study, self esteem level was assessed and found to be low among alcoholic dependants. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from various sources gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding or conclusion. There are a variety of specific data analysis method, some of which include data mining, text analytics, business intelligence, and data visualizations. 4.1. General Profile of alcoholic Dependants 1. Age Among thirty alcoholic dependants, six patients were at the age of 21-30 years, fifteen patients were at the age of 31-40years, seven patients were at the age between 41-50 years and two patients were between 51-60years. 2. Education Most of the alcoholic dependants were completed their secondary education, seven patients had completed primary education, six patients completed higher secondary education and seven had graduate degree. 3. Occupation: A. Type of Work It was found that ten were doing business, five were farmers, four were engineers, two were bus drivers and there was one from each category like tailor, rashion shop, goldsmith, shopkeeper, hotel supervisor, massion, mandapam decorator, Carpentor, cable TV Manager. B. Hours of Work Hours of work for alcoholic dependants were varying from6-15 hrs. Most of them nineteen were working between 11-15 hrs and eleven patients were working 6-10 hours per day. C. Income per Month Income of alcoholic dependants varied depends upon their occupation, fifteen were earning between Rs.6000-10000 per month, eight patients were earning between Rs.11000-15000 per month, four were earning between Rs.1000-5000 per month, three patients were earning between Rs 16000-20000 per month. D. Conflict in Work Area Majority of alcoholic dependants, twenty expressed no conflict in work area and ten had conflict in their work area. 4. Family history A. Marital status Twenty four patients were married, six patients were unmarried. B. Marital disharmony: Thirty alcoholic dependants came out with the problem of and only eleven patients had no such problems. C. Relationship with spouse: Among the alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were maintaining good relationship with their spouse and twelve patients were not maintaining good relationship with spouse. D. Relationship with children: Twenty two were maintaining good relationship with their children and two patients were not maintaining good relationship with children. E. Type of Family: Among twenty four alcoholic dependants, six patients were from joint family and eighteen from nuclear family. F. Family History of Alcoholism: There is no family history of alcohol intake among twenty five alcoholic dependants and only five patients were having the family history of alcoholism. 5. Social History: A. Social Support: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, one had Peer group support, three had support from friends, and twenty six had family support. 6. Alcoholic History: A. Duration of Alcohol Intake In years: Duration of 11-15-years of alcohol intake was found among fifteen alcoholic dependants, 6-10years among ten alcoholic dependants, 1-5years among three alcoholic dependants and 16-20 years among two alcoholic dependants. B. Consumption of Alcohol started by: Most of the patients twenty five were started consuming alcohol through friends, three started by their relatives and two started by their family members. C. Quantity of Alcohol when started (Bear in ml): Majority of the alcoholic dependants, twenty three started with 100-300ml of bear while seven alcoholic dependants were stated with 700-900ml of bear. D. Quantity of Alcohol at present (Hot): At present eleven alcoholic dependants was consuming 700-900ml of hot which is more than nineteen alcoholic dependants consuming 400-600ml. E. Time of drinking Alcohol: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were taking alcohol in the evening, four were taking alcohol in the morning and evening, fourteen were taking alcohol throughout the day. F. Money spent on Alcohol Consumption: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, most of them twenty two spent Rs 4000-6000per month for alcohol consumption seven spent Rs7000-9000 per month and one spent Rs 1000-3000 per month. G. Motivation for treatment of Alcoholism: Maximum number of patients thirteen were motivated by self, seven were motivated by already treated patients in de-addiction centre, five were motivated by family members and five were motivated by Relatives. H. Reason for Alcoholism: Seventeen patients were started on alcoholism due to psychological factors such as wifes death, job stress etc, thirteen patients were started due to peer group pressure and none had the reason of physical and psychiatric illness. TABLE 4 1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS 1 AGE IN YEARS 21-30 6 31-40 15 41-50 7 51-65 2 2 EDUCATION Primary 7 Secondary 10 Higher secondary 6 Graduate 7 3 OCCUPATION A.TYPE OF WORK Business 10 Farmer 5 Tailor 1 Accountant in Rashionshop 1 Goldsmith 1 Hotel Supervisor 1 Driver 2 Construction Worker 1 Engineers 4 Mandapam Decorator 1 Carpenter 1 Cable T.V. Manager 1 B.HOURS OF WORK 6 10 11 11 15 19 C.INCOME PER MONTH 1000-5000 4 6000-10,000 15 11,000-15,000 8 16,000-20,000 3 D.CONFLICT IN WORK AREA Present 10 Absent 20 4 FAMILY HISTORY A.MARITAL HISTORY Married 24 Single 6 B.MARITAL DISHARMONY Present 13 Absent 11 C.RELATIONSHIP WITH SPOUSE Maintains good relationship 12 Not maintains good relationship 12 D.RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILDREN Maintains good relationship 22 Not maintains good relationship 2 E.TYPE OF FAMILY Joint family 6 Nuclear family 18 F.FAMILY HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM Present 5 Absent 25 SOCIAL HISTORY A.SOCIAL SUPPORT Neighbors 0 Peer group 1 Friends 3 Family 26 5 ALCOHOLIC HISTORY A.DURATION OF ALCOHOL INTAKE IN YEARS 1 5 3 6 10 10 11 15 15 16-20 2 B.CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL STARTED BY Friends 25 Family members 2 Relatives 3 Self 0 C.QUANTITY OF ALCOHOL WHEN STARTED (BEAR) ML 100-300 23 400-600 7 700-900 0 D.QUQNTITY OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT PRESENT(HOT)ML 100-300 0 400-600 19 700-900 11 E.TIME OF DRINKING ALCOHOL Morning 0 Evening 12 Both 4 Throughout the Day 14 F.MONEY SPENT ON ALCOHOLISM 1000-3000 1 4000-6000 22 7000-9000 7 G.MOTIVATION FOR TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM Family members 5 Relatives 5 Self 13 Treated patients 0 H.REASON FOR ALCOHOLISM Physical Illness 0 Psychiatric Illness 0 Psychological Illness 17 Peer group Influence 13 4.2. Assessment of Problem Index among Alcoholic Dependants: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, Majority of alcoholic dependants are not able to work, inability to carryout responsibilities, had fight with relatives, neglected by relatives, advised by relatives and friends, to stop alcohol, noticed a change in personality, most of them felt guilty,neede more alcohol to get the same effect previous one, and felt physically and psychologically dependant on Alcoholism. TABLE 2 ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM INDEX n=30 S.No PROBLEM STATEMENTS 1 2 3 4 1 Not Able To Work 10 15 5 0 2 Neglected Responsibilities 10 15 5 0 3 Had Fight With Others 20 5 5 0 4 Neglected By Relatives 10 14 6 0 5 Advised By friends, neighbours, relatives to stop alcohol 0 20 10 0 6 Kept Promised To Stop Drinking 10 12 8 0 7 Noticed A Change In Personality 12 16 2 0 8 Felt Guilty 0 23 7 0 9 Forgetting Places 16 14 0 0 10 Fainted Suddenly 26 4 0 0 11 Gone Suddenly 26 3 1 0 12 Needed More Alcohol To Get The same Effect As Of previous One 0 20 6 4 13 Tried To Control Drinking 16 8 6 0 14 Stopped Drinking Because Of Withdrawal Symptoms 20 10 0 0 15 Felt physical or Psychologically dependant On Alcohol 0 16 10 4 Score Interpretation: 1.None of the Time, 2.1-2 Time, 3.3-4 Times, 4.More than five times 4.3. Assessment of Level of Self-Esteem among alcoholic Dependants: Fifty one patients were got admitted in kasthuriba Gandhi de-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore in the month of July. Among them thirty alcoholic dependants were selected for the study based on the exclusion criteria. Level of self-esteem was assessed for each patient by using self-esteem assessment tool. All thirty alcoholic dependants were having low self-esteem that they become anger when criticized, afraid to try new things, showing difficulty in performing social activities and social interaction. All the alcoholic Dependants were scored the level of self-esteem score between50-60. 4.4. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities: Self-Esteem activities are promoted by scheduling as individual and group activities. Individual activities are promoted in the morning and group activities are promoted in the evening to boost up self-esteem among Alcoholic dependants. TABLE 3 Self-Esteem Activities Protocol S. No Time Activities 1 Morning Individual Activities 8.30-9.30am A. Self Reporting 11.00-12.00Noon B. Art Writing 2 Afternoon Group Activities 1.30-3.00Pm A. Psychodrama 3.30-5.00Pm B. Tenniquoite TABLE 4 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pre test 1. Self- Esteem Score (>46) 30 SCORE INTERPRETATION: Problems with low self-esteem are indicated by a total score higher than 46 TABLE 5 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pretest Post test 1. Self-Esteem Score( 30 0 TABLE 6 COMPARISON OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE AND AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem Pre test Post test 1 Self-Esteem Score(>46) 30 30 2. Self-Esteem Score( 0 30 INTERPRETATION: Thirty alcoholic Dependants were scored > 46 before promoting Self-Esteem activities. But after promoting Self-Esteem Activities they have scored TABLE 7 Difference in pretest and Posttest Self-Esteem Score of Alcoholic Dependants S. No Pretest Score Posttest Score Difference 1 56 33 23 2 54 36 22 3 56 32 24 4 56 32 24 5 55 30 25 6 54 33 21 7 52 34 22 8 52 33 21 9 55 33 22 10 55 32 23 11 54 31 23 12 54 30 24 13 56 33 23 14 54 31 23 15 55 32 23 16 56 33 23 17 56 33 23 18 54 33 21